PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF THE
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES INSURANCE AGENCY
FINANCE BOARD
The Cost of Insurance Plans
are not Equitably Apportioned
Among Participants
The PEIA Finance Board Actively
Participates
in Meetings
Issue Area 1: The Cost of Insurance Plans are not Equitably Apportioned Among Participants.
The four groups involved with PEIA's insurance plans are State and local
employers, State and local employees and retirees, and health care providers.
The total cost of PEIA's insurance plans for the year 2000 is nearly $350
million. Between 88% and 93% of the plan costs for State employees are
paid for by the State (See Figure 1). It is not known what percent
local government employers pay for the premiums of local government employees,
because each local government agency determines its employee's portion.
Therefore, local employees may pay a larger or smaller percentage of their
premiums than State employees. State and local employers also contribute
funds for the costs of State and local retirees by paying premiums in excess
of the amount necessary for their active employees. The contribution rate
for retirees is between 60% and 70% of the retirees' insurance costs. This
employer contribution for retirees is growing three times faster than the
growth of employers' total contributions for both retirees and employees.
In addition to PEIA plan costs, there are also costs incurred by providers
in the form of contractual allowances that pay providers less than
their actual costs. The effect is that PEIA contributes to the financial
stress that health care providers are under by having them bear a portion
of the costs.
Chapter 5, Article 16, Section 5 of the West Virginia State Code states
in part:
(a) The purpose of the finance board created by this article is to bring fiscal stability to the public employees insurance agency through development of annual financial plans and long-range plans designed to meet the agency's estimated total financial requirements, taking into account all revenues projected to be made available to the agency, and apportioning necessary costs equitably among participating employers, employees and retired employees and providers of health care services.(Emphasis Added)
Necessary costs are the agency's administrative costs, participant's claims for both medical and prescription drugs, life insurance and managed care costs. Although all costs inherent with this agency are necessary and materially important, the costs for medical and prescription drug claims are the costs which create the largest disparity among participants.
The PEIA Finance Board obtains funding to pay these costs by setting premium rates for the employers, employees and retirees. These rates are set based on a variety of factors including the amount available from the state budget for the employers' share. In addition to premiums, the Finance Board sets allowable charges or reimbursement amounts for providers. This is how the providers indirectly pay their share of plan costs. The providers' share will be explained further in a later section.
Employer, Employee and
Retiree Costs
Over the past 8 years of actuarial reports
it can be determined that these costs are in fact being paid on a disproportionate
basis. The employer has absorbed the large majority of costs created by
employees and retirees. This is identifiable in the actuarial report and
in the percentages paid by the employer for a covered single employee or
family which is 96% and 90% respectively. Per information gathered by The
Segal Company in a report prepared for the WV Legislature, the single percentage
of 96% is 9% above the national average of 87%, with the family percentage
being 16% above the national average of 74%.
Even though employees have had premium increases, the employer still pays a large percentage in comparison with other state plans. Based on information from the National Association of State Budget Officers, West Virginia ranked sixth in the nation in percentage of total funds allocated to state insurance plans in fiscal year 1997. Appendix B details the percentage increases per various participants' premiums over the past 10 years. Based on PEIA numbers for fiscal years 1997 through 1999, employer premiums have risen $35 million. This increase in premiums doesn't even take into account further funding by the Legislature in fiscal years 1998 and 1999 totaling $7.1 million to avoid increases in policyholder deductibles.
Retiree Funding
West Virginia state retirees have always
been eligible for continued health coverage in PEIA. Due to the age of
retirees, they generally require more medical treatment. This placed the
Finance Board in a position of either requiring retirees to fund their
own expenses or use a portion of employers' total premium contributions
to make up the difference between the retirees' contributions and their
total claim expenses and administrative costs. The latter choice was made.
This means any expenses incurred by retirees in excess of their premiums
will be paid by the State and local employers. Therefore, employers are
billed by PEIA in excess of the amount necessary for their active employees
to compensate for the insufficient retiree premium. The State has paid
an average of 65% of total claim expenses and administrative costs for
retirees over the past 8 years. As exhibited in Table 1, you can see the
difference and the amount contributed by employer funds for retirees.
Table 1
Employers' Contribution Rates and Amounts for Retirees |
||
Fiscal Year |
Employers'
Contribution Rates |
Employers'
Contribution Amount |
1993 | 60% | $34,040,000 |
1994 | 64% | $39,457,000 |
1995 | 67% | $46,176,000 |
1996 | 67% | $44,920,000 |
1997 | 70% | $53,744,000 |
1998 | 65% | $51,106,000 |
1999 | 65% | $57,962,000 |
2000 | 64% | $55,821,766 |
--Employer Contribution Amount is calculated by taking the retiree's share of the plan costs and subtracting their premiums. For FY 1993, the retirees plan costs were 56,659,000 and their premiums were 22,619,000.
22,619,000 (premium revenue) - 56,659,000 (plan costs) = -34,040,000 (costs picked up by employers)
--Employer Contribution Rates are calculated by taking the retiree fund negative balance and dividing it by the plan costs (-34,040,000(negative fund balance)/56,659,000(retiree plan costs) = 60%).
A concern with the retiree fund is the
rate of growth of the needed employer contributions compared to the rate
of growth in the amount of employers' contributions for both employees
and retirees (see Table 2). Since 1993 to 2000, the needed retiree contribution
from employers has increased by 64%, while the total employer contribution
for both employees and retirees has increase by only 20% over the same
period. While retirees' total expenses have been rising 64%, retiree premiums
have in many years not changed at all because the Board has relied on Employers
to pay the difference. The disparity in growth rates creates the situation
that: 1) employers will be under pressure to pay a larger proportion of
its premiums for retirees; 2) If employers cannot pay the larger proportion,
then the growth in the needed retiree contribution absorbs the Board's
ability to accumulate surpluses or reserves for unexpected events or forecasting
errors.
Growth Rate of Employers' Contribution to Retirees & the State Employer's Contributions for both Active Employees and Retirees |
||||
Fiscal Year |
Employers' Contribution to Retiree Costs |
Percentage Increase |
State Contributions for Active Employees & Retirees |
Percentage Increase |
1993 | $34 million | $232.5 million | ||
2000 | $55.8 million | 64% | $279.7 million | 20% |
Providers
Providers make up all health care facilities
that provide services to policyholders. Although they do not literally
contribute premium revenues to PEIA, they do, however, pay in an indirect
manner. This is accomplished by PEIA setting reimbursement rates for particular
procedures performed by the provider. For example, when a patient receives
a physical, the provider is paid what PEIA's reimbursement rate is for
a physical regardless what the provider bills. Also, due to the fact that
health care providers cannot "balance bill" patients in West Virginia;
providers must accept, to a certain extent, the reimbursement rates set
by PEIA. It should also be noted that PEIA's policyholders make up approximately
11% of the State's population which adds to PEIA's market power within
the State and bordering State counties.
Over the past 10 years multiple cost saving measures have been enforced by the PEIA on providers. This has been accomplished by reducing physician fee schedule reimbursement, hospital fee schedule reimbursement and implementing resource-based relative value scale. PEIA has provided dollar estimates showing a $47,188,000 reduction in revenues to providers based on changes to the plan over the past 10 years.
These data are supported by the West Virginia
Health Care Authority annual reports to the Legislature. The reports show
that contractual allowances for government insurance programs are a contributing
factor for lower hospital profit margins. Medicare, which represents 50%
of inpatients in the State, paid 92 cents for each $1 of operating expenses
(net bad debt, charity care and contractual allowances) during fiscal year
1999. While Medicaid, which represented 16% of inpatients in the state,
only paid 90 cents for each $1 of costs (net bad debt, charity care and
contractual allowances). The contractual allowance for Medicare reduced
gross revenues by $938,280,685 and Medicaid's allowances reduced gross
revenues by $270,673,610. PEIA's contractual allowances reduced providers'
gross revenues by $73,226,507 and paid 98 cents to each dollar of expenses
(net bad debt, charity care and contractual allowances) during fiscal year
1999. Table 3 below displays the contractual allowances of each government
insurance provider.
Table 3
Government Insurance Contractual Allowances for All Hospitals FY 1999 |
|||
Gross
Patient Revenue |
Contractual Allowances | Net
Patient Revenue |
|
PEIA | $173,792,404 | $73,226,507 | $100,565,897 |
Medicare | $2,087,956,713 | $938,280,685 | $1,149,676,028 |
Medicaid | $620,307,115 | $270,673,610 | $349,633,505 |
Source: West Virginia Health Care Authority Annual Report, 2000, P. 30. |
As can be seen by these numbers, PEIA pays
more per dollar and shows a lower contractual allowance than Medicare or
Medicaid. But with the three governmental programs combined, providers
may not be able to assume further reductions, and an accessibility problem
could arise. The possibility of provider accessibility limitations could
occur with continued reimbursement rate decreases.
Conclusion
The PEIA Finance Board has relied upon
the employer and providers to pay an inequitable amount of rising plan
costs. This is largely due to shortfalls of retiree and employee premiums
in relation to each groups' costs. The Finance Board has not set rates
representative of the inflationary costs for employees and retirees. A
quote from the "Segal Report - Legislative Study" is as follows:
The State appears to have gone out of its
way to absorb the majority of inflationary cost increases in the PEIA program
without passing along to employees and retirees their fair share of those
increases. As a result, the premiums charged to employees and retirees
are among the lowest of all states.
The providers have also been used to absorb
the inflationary medical costs by reducing reimbursement rates. This is
done rather than increasing employee, employer and retiree premiums. But,
there is concern of reaching the limit in reducing provider cost reimbursement
further without an adverse effect on the provider industry and accessibility
of health care.
Recommendation 1:
The PEIA Finance Board should implement tools provided in the Code which allow them to set premiums based on individual participant group costs and ability to pay for all participants. The Finance Board should implement an ability to pay premium schedule for retirees in addition to years of service. Information is obtained by the Agency for premium assistance programs and could be used at the other end of the spectrum for increased premiums due to income.
Recommendation 2:
The PEIA Finance Board should implement premium establishment methods which offset medical cost inflation. A formula should be developed which considers each participant groups' costs to the plan, medical cost inflation rates, and other necessary factors to determine premiums for each participant group. In addition, the Finance Board needs to determine and set the percentages expected from each participant so less ambiguity surrounds the budget process. Once this is determined, all participants' costs should then be adjusted representative of medical cost increases on a percentage basis.
Recommendation 3:
The PEIA Finance Board should continue
their method of controlling provider costs with reimbursement rates but
maintain close scrutiny of these methods to avoid harming providers.
Issue Area 2: The PEIA
Finance Board Actively Participates in Meetings.
The intent of the Public Employees Insurance Agency (PEIA) Finance Board is to develop financial plans that provide financial stability to PEIA' s insurance programs. In developing these plans, it is also the intention to have citizen input representing a variety of interest groups, including a representative of education employees, a representative of public employees, a representative of organized labor and three members from the public at large. The citizen members take their responsibility seriously through providing adequate input in financial plan development and maintaining close to perfect attendance.
Board Members Provide
Adequate Input in Developing Financial Plans
A Board that consists of citizen members
and the Director of the administrative agency runs the risk of having most
of the decision making done by the Director and plans being implemented
without Board approval. Therefore, part of this review included an assessment
of the citizen members' involvement in developing the financial plans.
A review of the Board minutes indicates that Board members take their responsibilities
seriously as indicated by the high number of meetings and near-perfect
attendance since 1990 (see Table 4).
Table
4
Meetings and Attendance |
|||
Year | Number of Meetings | Quorum | Attendance Rate |
1990 | 17 | 17 | 100% |
1991 | 17 | 17 | 91% |
1992 | 9 | 9 | 98% |
1993 | 5 | 5 | 92% |
1994 | 7 | 7 | 97% |
1995 | 12 | 12 | 97% |
1996 | 11 | 11 | 85% |
1997 | 13 | 13 | 94% |
1998 | 13 | 13 | 92% |
1999 | 8 | 8 | 82% |
March, 2000 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
West Virginia Code §5-16-5 states that the Finance Board shall meet on at least a quarterly basis. The Finance Board has met well in excess of the required quarterly meetings for the past 10 years. From 1990 through March 2000, the Finance Board has held 113 meetings, for an average of 11 meetings per year. The Board attendance rate was 93% for this duration. Consequently, a quorum has always been reached.
Board minutes also reveal that members actively participate in meetings. The members submit a variety of requests to PEIA staff and the Actuary to be introduced for the development of financial plans including:
Conclusion
PEIA Finance Board members are actively
involved in developing and carrying out financial plans. The members are
in compliance with the statute by maintaining close to perfect attendance,
meeting quarterly and with a quorum present. Additionally, the Board members
actively take part in developing, approving and implementing plans.
Recommendation 4:
The Board members should continue to
attend meetings and actively participate in the development, approval and
implementation of financial plans in order to attempt to keep financial
stability within PEIA.