The West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board (Board) was created in 1981 by West Virginia Code §47A-1-1. The intent was to set maximum charges on loans, credit sales or transactions, forbearances or other similar transactions executed in the state. Legislative findings state that changes in these maximum charges
requires specialized knowledge of the needs of the citizens of West Virginia for credit
for personal and commercial purposes and knowledge of the availability of such
credit at reasonable rates to the citizens of this State while affording a competitive
return to persons extending such credit.
The Board consists of nine members as follows: the Commissioner of Banking, who
serves as Chairman of the Board; the State Treasurer; the Director of the Governor's
Development Office; the Director of the Division of Consumer Protection of the Attorney
General's Office; the Dean of the College of Business and Administration at Marshall University;
the Dean of the College of Business and Economics at West Virginia University; and three
members of the public appointed by the Governor (see Appendix A for list of members). The
Board has become ineffective for a variety of reasons, which are as follows: federal regulations
supersede state regulations; rate setting remained flat for the first 13 years of the Board, while
market forces were dynamic; interest ceilings have been unfavorable to lenders compared with
other states.
Federal Regulations
Since the Boards' inception, it has lost control of many lenders and retail establishments. Many of these companies extend credit through out-of-state national and state banks, excluding them from the jurisdiction of the Board. These national and state banks are regulated by the laws of the state in which they reside. For example, Stone & Thomas, whose headquarters is in Wheeling, now extends credit through an Ohio bank. Thus, West Virginia has no regulatory control over Stone & Thomas' credit rates. In addition, the Board's ability to regulate first mortgages was preempted by federal law, and federal parity statutes allow state and national banks to charge whatever rate a competitor may charge who is located in the local market place. The Board has regulatory control over approximately 235 financial institutions and approximately 250 retailers offering credit within the state.
Board Decisions
The Legislative Auditor analyzed the interest rates as set by the Board from 1982 - 1996.
There are six categories of rates set by the Board. These are defined as follows:
Supervised Lenders: small loan companies that could only lend a maximum of $2,000.
This type of lender could not take real estate as collateral and could charge very
high interest rates. This type of license no longer exists as Supervised Lenders are
now licensed as "Regulated Consumer Lenders" pursuant to changes in Chapter
46A, Article 4. The change was effective September 1, 1996.
Industrial Loan
Companies: small loan companies originally very similar to banks except that
they were funded not by deposits but by "certificates of indebtedness."
These types of funded companies no longer exist as they have either gone
out of business or converted to banks over the past two decades.
Essentially, corporations that continued to exist and be licensed under the
statute were privately funded corporations that made higher risk consumer
loans. The statute licensing this type of lender ceased to exist September
1, 1996 and all existing licensees were issued licenses as "Regulated
Consumer Lenders" under Chapter 46A, Article 4.
General rate
lenders: this is the rate that applies to all individuals and entities not
licensed under a specific section of the code. Banks are subject to the
general rate, unless they can claim parity with other lenders or a federal
preemption exists. This rate exists to prevent individuals and entities that
are not licensed lenders from engaging in "loan sharking" transactions
through excessive charges.
Revolving loan
finance charge: cost of credit issued by a licensed lender, the balance of which may
increase or decrease with no stated maturity date - such as a bank credit card
arrangement.
Revolving sales
finance charge: cost of credit issued by a retailer (as opposed to a lender), the balance of
which may increase or decrease with no stated maturity date - such as a retail
store credit card arrangement.
Non-revolving
sales finance charge: cost of a one-time closed end credit contract issued by a retailer -
such as an auto loan or loan for an appliance or furniture purchase.
Despite dramatic changes in interest ceilings and regulations in other states, the interest
ceilings set by the Board have hardly changed since its inception, exemplifying the Board's
ineffectiveness. The Board set rates as required in 1982 for the different types of credit, and
according to information provided by the Division of Banking, the Board made no rate decision
changes until 1995 - literally 13 years after creation of the Board. TABLE 1 on the following
page shows credit ceilings as set by the Board from 1982 - 1996. As shown, most maximum
rates and finance charges as set by the Board were 18% in 1982, and remained at 18% until 1995
when the Board set the limit for Revolving Sales Finance Charge at 21%, which covers retail
establishment
TABLE 1 Lending Ceilings from 1981 to Present (the two changes in ceilings have been highlighted) | |||||||||||||||
Lender Type | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 |
Industrial Loan Co. $5,000 or Less | 21 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Industrial Loan Co. $2,000 or Less | Ý | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | ý |
Industrial Loan Co. $2000-$10,000 | Ý | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | ý |
Industrial Loan Co. Over 10,000 | Ý | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | ý |
Supervised Lenders $500 or Less | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | ý |
Supervised Lenders $500-$1,500 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | ý |
Supervised Lenders Over $1,500 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | ý |
General Rate | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Revolving Loan Finance Charge | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Revolving Sales Finance Charge | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 21 |
Non-Revolving Sales Fin. Charge | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 |
* This ceiling was discontinued. Ý These ceilings did not come into existence until 1983. ý These ceilings were discontinued by the Board's order in September 1996. Statutory ceilings for regulated consumer lenders now apply. Source: West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board |
The question of how to regulate the credit industry is a divisive matter of policy. However, two primary strategies can be identified. These strategies are discussed briefly below.
One strategy is to create a wide-open regulatory environment, which provides for lenders to charge any interest rate that can be viable in a competitive market. For example, thirty states have adopted such policies with respect to retail credit card regulation, including the contingent states of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Kentucky. Due to interstate commerce laws, banks chartered in these states can disregard interest ceilings established in other states. As a result, banks incorporate in states such as Delaware, where the regulatory environment is most advantageous. The disadvantage of this approach is that desperate, unsophisticated, and unaware borrowers are likely to be gouged by some lenders.
The other strategy is to accept that West Virginia will not be a major banking state, and opt to protect borrowers of the institutions located within the State's borders. To advocate this approach is to accept that there is an ideal interest ceiling, which is high enough to ensure a supply of credit that will satisfy consumers, but low enough to prevent consumer gouging. Under this approach, interest ceilings should track market interest rates to keep the gap between real interest rates and ceilings less the rate of inflation relatively constant. The disadvantage of this approach is that West Virginia lenders are enticed to move out of state and import credit back to the state under another state's laws.
West Virginia may have lost some credit card operations, such as Stone and Thomas, to other states because the Board's decisions did not track interest ceilings of other states. All of the surrounding states have higher retail credit card limits with Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Virginia having open competitive markets. Interstate commerce laws, allow credit to be imported from any state, which creates a situation in which the most open regulatory environment wins. TABLE 2 on the following page shows the credit card interest rates in other states as provided by the West Virginia Retailers Association effective on September 8, 1997. Again this evidence shows that the Board has not been setting ceilings "...to reflect changed economic conditions, current interest rates and finance charges throughout the United States..." as mandated by statute.
Retail Credit Card Rate | States |
Open Competitive Market | Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin |
25% Limit | Michigan, Ohio |
24% Limit | Hawaii, Maryland, District of Columbia |
21% Limit | Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, Wyoming |
21% on First $800 of Balance (18% Over) | North Carolina |
21% on First $750 of Balance (18% Over) | Alabama |
21% on First $500 of Balance (18% Over) | Nebraska |
18% Limit | Minnesota, Massachusetts |
17% or below | Arkansas |
Note:States have different policies and ceilings for all types of usury. These policies apply only to retail credit cards and serve as a general example. |
The Legislative Auditor compared the Board's decisions with the federal prime rate since 1982 as shown in the graph on the following page. This illustrates the Board's inactivity since the prime rate has fluctuated continuously from year to year. In 1982, the prime rate averaged 14.86%, which was the high in the period, settling at a low of 6% in 1993 (see Figure 1). Ironically, the Board made no rate decisions during the high interest rates in the 1980's, and did not raise ceilings until interest rates went down. These actions seem to go against the West Virginia Code which states that ceilings should be "prescribed from time to time to reflect changed economic conditions, current interest rates and finance charges throughout the United States..." Since the prime rate is the interest rate charged preferred customers on bank loans, the Legislative Auditor felt that the prime rate would be a good indicator of yearly changes in finance rates throughout the country. The Legislative Auditor recognizes that the Board is not required or directed to track and compare West Virginia rates to the prime rate.
Figure 2 shows the variability of the annual rate of inflation over the years of the Lending and Credit Rate Board's existence and changes in interest ceilings. Generally, one would expect ceilings to fluctuate with changes in the rate of inflation. This illustrates a lack of sensitivity to inflation. Figure 3 shows ceilings set by the board less the rate of inflation and the real prime rate. One would generally expect the gap between the ceilings and the real prime rate to remain somewhat constant over time. In 1982, the real prime rate was 11.06% and the ceilings less inflation were 14.20%, making the gap 3.14%. In 1992, the real prime rate was 3.35% and the ceiling was 15.1%, representing a gap of 12.65%. This illustrates the extreme to which ceilings have not been sensitive to market interest rates.
Enforcement Gaps
There is no purposeful enforcement activities for those lenders subject to the Board's orders, but not examined by State authorities. The Division of Banking examines state chartered banks, credit unions, regulated consumer lenders (finance companies) and to a lessor degree, secondary mortgage lenders. Other lenders, such as retailers extending their own credit, are under the enforcement jurisdiction of the Attorney General's Office, which must rely upon consumer complaints to bring violators to the Attorney General's attention.
Board Member Comments
In the November 15, 1996 meeting of the West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board, the board unanimously voted to recommend to the legislature that they conduct a study regarding the effectiveness of the Board with matters respecting credit and interest rates in the State of West Virginia. Most Board members according to a survey by the Legislative Auditor are in support of termination of the Board for various reasons. Following are comments by the Board members:
"West Virginia has lagged behind other states in extending credit rate ceilings.
Many companies extending credit in West Virginia import credit from other states,
leaving only a few small stores that are regulated by the Board."
"The Board is statutorily mandated to control something which is virtually no
longer under its control due to superseding federal regulations and U.S. Supreme
Court decisions and changes in the legal and geographic structure of the banking
industry. The ability of the states to control interest rates has been greatly
eroded."
"(The Board) was not efficient, because the Board spent two years on one issue.
...government doesn't need to be involved in the regulation of rates, especially
around the borders where customers can cross the state line."
"The market has taken away what function the Board had. The Board was created when
usury laws of the State denied credit to those in need of it. It was able to get higher
ceilings when it was created, but the market has changed considerably since that time.
The Board has long outlived its usefulness."
"The West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board could be abolished without any
detriment to the State. Many States have abolished lending and credit regulation with no
ill effects. Credit is now extended without respect to state boundaries. The only thing
our board can do is penalize West Virginia businesses."
"The taxpayer's money would be better spent elsewhere." [Note: The Board is
not funded through general funds, but fees levied against lenders.]
Conclusion
The West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board is not effective for various reasons. Federal preemptions have weakened the Board's authority, since credit can be imported from state and national banks located outside West Virginia; rate ceilings cannot be imposed on first mortgages from banks and other lenders loaning over a million dollars; and federal parity statutes allow state and national banks to charge the same rates of interest competitors in the local marketplace may charge. A state may be effective in the regulation of the credit industry by one of two strategies. It may deregulate its credit industry as many states have done to attract the banking industry, or it may decide doing so is not worth the consequences and set ceilings that are sensitive to money market changes. The West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board has done neither. Ceilings remained flat for the first 13 years of the Board, while market forces were dynamic, and interest ceilings have been unfavorable to lenders compared with the thirty competitive market states. There are no enforcement provisions for those lenders subject to the Board's orders that are not examined by State authorities. Board members seem to support termination of the Board, which shows the members' frustration toward the Board, which may prevent rates being analyzed as required in the future.
Recommendation 1
The Legislature should consider termination of the West Virginia Lending and Credit Rate Board according to the Sunset Legislation in West Virginia Code §4-10-11ç.