FULL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE
Department of Tax and Revenue
Internal Auditing Division
The Internal Auditing Division
Recovers Tax Revenue Cost
Effectively But Enhanced
Automation is Needed in Some Areas
Issue Area 1: The Internal Auditing Division Recovers Tax Revenue Cost Effectively But Enhanced Automation is Needed in Some Areas.
The Internal Auditing Division's mission is to conduct internal audits
to verify the accuracy of tax returns and taxes owed the state, collect
unpaid tax liabilities identified through internal audits, and expedite
refunds due taxpayers. One goal of the Division is to efficiently recover
revenue owed the State because of misstatements made by taxpayers on their
tax returns. The Division has several units which review business and personal
income tax returns. The Legislative Auditor's review of some of the
major units of the Division indicates that overall the Division recovers
revenues cost effectively. However, there is room for further automation
in the Division. This review examined the Corporate & Franchise Unit,
Special Audits Unit (Individual Income Tax), Excise Tax Unit (Health Care
Provider Tax), and the International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) in the Tax
Department's Internal Auditing Division.
Corporate & Franchise Unit
The Corporate and Franchise Unit is responsible for conducting internal audits on corporate net income tax and business franchise tax returns, issuing refunds, and examining Federal Revenue Agent Reports (RAR's) received from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to determine if an IRS audit results in a change of the State corporate net income tax liability. The Tax Department does not internally audit a large percentage of corporate returns, and there is a need for greater automation of the corporate returns to enhance the process of auditing corporate returns, such as flagging taxpayer miscalculations, etc. Consequently, the Unit has criteria to determine which corporate returns are to be internally audited. Returns that have refunds, tax credits, payments and estimated payments of $50,000 and above are assigned for an internal audit. An annual average of 6,272 internal audits were conducted through fiscal year's 1998-2000 on corporate net income tax and business franchise tax returns (see Table 1). These audits produced an average collection of $1,463,584, and a reduction in refunds averaging nearly $6 million dollars annually.
Table 1
Corporate Net Income Tax and Business Franchise Tax Return Audit
Production
FY 2000 | FY 1999 | FY 1998 | |
Corporate Net Income Tax/Bus. Franchise Tax Audits Conducted |
5,949 |
6,508 |
6,360 |
Corporate Net Income Tax/Bus. Franchise Tax Audit Collections |
$1,347,182 |
$1,086,988 |
$1,956,584 |
Corporate Net Income Tax/Bus. Franchise Tax Refund Reductions |
$9,648,029 |
$4,593,847 |
$8,148,434 |
Federal 1120 RAR's amount collected | $217,883 | $569,106 | $780,043 |
Total Revenue Benefit | $11,213,094 | $6,249,941 | $10,885,061 |
From a cost-benefit perspective, the Unit generated approximately $30 to $70 in revenue benefits (including refund reductions) for every dollar spent in expenses during the last three years. Despite the positive cost-benefit, the Legislative Auditor concludes that there could be additional revenue recovery obtained cost effectively. In Fiscal Year 2000, the Unit audited 4.8% of the 125,133 corporate net income tax and business franchise returns. In Fiscal Years 1999 and 1998, the Unit audited 5.4% and 4.4% of the returns. A former manager of the Unit was working on a system to enhance the process of auditing corporate returns. This system would require the business tax returns to be keyed into a database and allow the computer to review all returns for mathematical accuracy and other flagging procedures. This would allow all business tax returns to at least go through some form of an internal check. However, this has not materialized and therefore only a small fraction of business tax returns are examined. It is a significant deficiency for a large number of annual business tax returns to not receive at least an internal mathematical check of the return. The Tax Department should have in place a system that at least provides a mathematical check on 100% of annual business tax returns.
Furthermore, the Unit has gone through a reduction of full-time auditor positions from 6 to 4 over the last 10 years. Thus, expanding the selection criteria to result in a larger number of audits and a larger amount of revenue recovery is not possible at this time.
Another function for the Corporate and Franchise Unit is to conduct audits on the Federal RAR's. The tax information received from the IRS is on audits conducted on corporations that could change a corporation's taxable income on the its State corporate return. This form is then compared to the West Virginia Corporate Net Income Tax Return for the possibility of taxable income changes. If such changes occurred, then the Unit bills and seeks payment of the tax liability. Table 2 shows the audit production and revenue generated from this informational exchange with the IRS.
Table 2
Federal 1120 RAR Audit Production
FY 2000 | FY 1999 | FY 1998 | |
Federal 1120 RAR's audited | 77 | 86 | 286 |
Federal 1120 RAR's amount billed | $422,446 | $437,703 | $930,710 |
Federal 1120 RAR's amount collected | $217,883 | $569,106 | $780,043 |
It is the Tax Department's understanding that the reduction in IRS's production in audits is due to it transferring auditing positions to public relation positions. As a result, the State's revenue collections from Federal RAR's has significantly decreased.
Special Audits Unit
The primary study in the Special Audits Unit was on the Individual Income
Tax. The first part of the study was on the Individual Income Tax CP-2000
Underreporter Processing System. The CP-2000 is a computer system for processing
the underreporter data supplied to Tax Department by the IRS. The system
matches the information from the IRS with the taxpayer data from the state
returns, and creates the necessary billing segment to generate a liability
notice. After the liability notice is generated, the billing information
is uploaded into the income tax billing system for further collections
efforts and payment processing. The CP-2000 and the Individual Income Tax
RAR process have both seen a decline in overall production also due to
the lack of audit production by the IRS.
Table 3
Individual Income Tax CP-2000 Underreporter Process
Number of Billings | Amount Billed | Amount Collected | |
FY 2000 | 1,558 | $425,654 | $204,449 |
FY 1999 | 1,802 | $424,817 | $303,818 |
FY 1998 | 3,761 | $1,158,697 | $499,643 |
FY 1997 | 4,576 | $975,774 | $796,545 |
FY 1996 | 11,257 | $2,071,096 | $1,515,685 |
The Special Audits Unit also conducts Federal RAR's audits on the individual
income tax. These audits consists of adjustments to an individual's tax
liability, that should have been reported to West Virginia. These adjustments
are then cross-matched with state tax returns to ensure proper accuracy.
A review is then conducted to see if the individual has already filed and
paid adjustments. If the tax liability has not been paid, then a billing
is sent to the taxpayer for amount of tax due as corrected. Table 4 represents
the revenue generated from these audits.
Table 4
Individual Income Tax RAR's
Number of Billings | Amount Billed | Amount Collected | |
FY 2000 | 443 | $887,968 | $299,601 |
FY 1999 | 560 | $654,938 | $185,645 |
FY 1998 | 859 | $1,174,512 | $376,206 |
FY 1997 | 634 | $1,068,784 | $522,204 |
FY 1996 | 856 | $1,056,587 | $719,024 |
The Special Audits Unit has reduced a backlog and currently has no backlog of Federal RAR's and CP-2000's. They also have plans to develop an automated system for the Federal RAR's as soon as the IRS automates theirs, which should be about two years.
A fair cost-benefit analysis could not be conducted due to the fact
that this unit has other functions that do not necessary result in revenue
recovery. However, the combined total revenue generated from the CP-2000
and Federal RAR's is more than twice the Unit's salary expenses.
Excise Tax Unit
The Health Care Prototype system is comprised of four subsystems: Refund, Billing, Auditing, and Pre-Audit. Once a Health Care Provider Tax return is received it is entered into the Prototype System. Each return is automatically audited for internal consistency and prints out an exception report for the auditing staff. The exception report printed is just one tool auditors use when determining which tax returns to audit.
However, this prototype system has some deficiencies. The system currently cannot report the total amount of revenue generated from the audits conducted. Also, the system is unable to report the total amount of refunds that have been issued. The system needs modifications to address these deficiencies. However, the company, Open Environment Corporation, that developed the software and designed the prototype applications is out-of-business. Furthermore, the only person able to make any modifications or upgrades is a programmer who works for the Tax Department. The programmer is unable to modify the system due to other priorities within the Department. The Tax Department should consider modifying the prototype system so that the total amount of revenue received from the billing process and total amount of refunds issued by the system can be determined.
The IFTA Unit
According to reviews conducted by the International Fuel Tax Association, the State's International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) program operates well and is in compliance with most procedural guidelines established by the Association. This program provides significant administrative benefits to the trucking and busing industry in the state, and it also provides efficiencies for the Tax Department in collecting its state fuel use taxes.
The Internal Auditing Division of the State Tax Department administers the IFTA program. This is an agreement between the 48 contiguous states and the 10 Canadian provinces that facilitates cooperation regarding the reporting and payment of state motor carrier fuel use taxes. Trucking companies that transport through West Virginia must pay taxes on the use of motor fuel that was consumed while they transported through the state. This is to compensate the state for truckers' use of the State's roads. The fundamental principle of IFTA is to allow interstate motor carriers to report and pay such taxes to a single base jurisdiction. Prior to IFTA, a motor carrier would have to register with and pay each state it operated in, which caused confusion and an administrative burden for the trucking and busing industry. It also required the state to register and seek payment from thousands of commercial carriers based in many states that transported through West Virginia. The number of carriers that were registered with the State Tax Department in 1996 prior to IFTA implementation was over 42,000. Since joining IFTA, that figure has dropped to 2,526 in FY 2000.
West Virginia implemented the International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) effective January 1, 1996 in accordance with the Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991. According to the State Tax Department, and the United States Department of Transportation, the ISTEA legislation mandated that all states join IFTA by September 30, 1996. The State Tax Department indicates that failure to join IFTA and maintain compliance would affect the State's ability to collect state fuel use taxes which totals over $18 million, and to receive matching federal highway funds. In addition, the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) indicated that the ISTEA legislation does not mandate states to join IFTA. The ISTEA legislation requires that if a state is to have a system by which it will report and pay motor carrier taxes to other states for motor carriers as a base state, that system must be in conformity with IFTA by September 30, 1996. Nevertheless, the NCSL does agree that a state could lose the ability to collect motor fuel use taxes and any federal matching funds if the state either does not have membership with IFTA or has a system in place similar to IFTA.
Reviews by IFTA's Program Compliance Review Committee indicates that West Virginia's IFTA program does not have serious deficiencies; therefore any possible loss of federal funds is not a concern. West Virginia has had two compliance reviews, the first was in 1997, and the second review was in June, 2000. Both reviews indicated that West Virginia was in compliance with IFTA, with a few exceptions. The Division has addressed many of these deficiencies. Listed below are three recurring deficiencies identified in both reviews:
Table 5: Motor Carrier Tax Revenue
Fiscal Year |
Motor Carrier Tax Revenue Before IFTA | Motor Carrier Tax Collected Under IFTA |
1993 | $10,526,116 | |
1994 | $12,063,359 | |
1995 | $11,528,827 | |
1996 | $8,011,841 | $951,927 |
1997 | $17,495,732 | |
1998 | $22,817,937 | |
1999 | $18,927,212 | |
2000 | $18,916,959 | |
Sources: Digest of Revenue Sources for 1993-1996, and the Department of Tax & Revenue for 1996-2000. |
Recommendation 1:
The Corporate and Franchise Unit should explore methods to provide
greater automation for the corporate net income tax return and other business
taxes to assist in auditing a greater percentage of returns. Also, the
Division should assess its resources to verify if additional revenue recovery
can be obtained cost effectively.
Recommendation 2:
The Tax Department should give greater priority towards having modifications
made to the Health Care Provider Tax computer system so that it is able
to determine the total amount of audit revenue collected and the total
amount of refunds issued through audits conducted.