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Introduced Version House Bill 3096 History

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Key: Green = existing Code. Red = new code to be enacted
H. B. 3096


(By Delegates Caputo, Doyle, Frederick, Leggett,

Moore, Pino and Romine)


[Introduced March 18, 2005; referred to the

Committee on the Judiciary.]



A BILL to amend and reenact §46-1-201 of the code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended; to amend and reenact §46-2-103, §46-2-104, §46-2-310, §46-2-323, §46-2-401, §46-2-503, §46-2-505, §46-2- 506, §46-2-509, §46-2-605 and §46-2-705 of said code; to amend and reenact §46-2A-103, §46-2A-514 and §46-2A-526 of said code; to amend and reenact §46-4-104 and §46-4-210 of said code; to amend and reenact §46-7-101, §46-7-102, §46-7-103, §46-7-104, §46-7-105, §46-7-201, §46-7-202, §46-7-203, §46-7- 204, §46-7-205, §46-7-206, §46-7-207, §46-7-208, §46-7-209, §46-7-210, §46-7-301, §46-7-302, §46-7-303, §46-7-304, §46-7- 305, §46-7-306, §46-7-307, §46-7-308, §46-7-309, §46-7-401, §46-7-402, §46-7-403, §46-7-404, §46-7-501, §46-7-502, §46-7- 503, §46-7-504, §46-7-505, §46-7-506, §46-7-507, §46-7-508, §46-7-509, §46-7-601, §46-7-602 and §46-7-603 of said code; to amend and reenact §46-8-103 of said code; to amend said code by adding thereto new sections, designated §46-7-106, §46-7- 306, §46-7-307, §46-7-308, §46-7-309, §46-7-701 and §46-7-702; and to amend and reenact §46-9-102, §46-9-203, §46-9-207, §46- 9-208, §46-9-301, §46-9-310, §46-9-312, §46-9-313,46-9-314, §46-9-317, §46-9-338 and §46-9-601 of said code, all relating to the uniform commercial code documents of title.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:
That §46-1-201 of the code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended, be amended and reenacted; that §46-2-103, §46-2-104, §46-2-310, §46-2-323, §46-2-401, §46-2-503, §46-2-505, §46-2-506, §46-2-509, §46-2-605 and §46-2-705 of said code be amended and reenacted; that §46-2A-103, §46-2A-514 and §46-2A-526 of said code be amended and reenacted; that §46-4-104 and §46-4-210 of said code be amended and reenacted; that §46-7-101, §46-7-102, §46-7-103, §46-7-104, §46-7- 105, §46-7-201, §46-7-202, §46-7-203, §46-7-204, §46-7-205, §46-7- 206, §46-7-207, §46-7-208, §46-7-209, §46-7-210, §46-7-301, §46-7- 302, §46-7-303, §46-7-304, §46-7-305, §46-7-306, §46-7-307, §46-7- 308, §46-7-309, §46-7-401, §46-7-402, §46-7-403, §46-7-404, §46-7- 501, §46-7-502, §46-7-503, §46-7-504, §46-7-505, §46-7-506, §46-7- 507, §46-7-508, §46-7-509, §46-7-601, §46-7-602 and §46-7-603 of said code be amended and reenacted; that said code be amended by adding thereto new sections, designated §46-7-106, §46-7-306, §46- 7-307, §46-7-308, §46-7-309, §46-7-701 and §46-7-702
; that §46-8- 103 of said code be amended and reenacted; and that §46-9-102, §46- 9-203, §46-9-207, §46-9-208, §46-9-301, §46-9-310, §46-9-312, §46- 9-313, §46-9-314, §46-9-317, §46-9-338 and §46-9-601 of said code be amended and reenacted, all to read as follows:
CHAPTER 46. UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE.
ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
§46-1-201. General definitions.

Subject to additional definitions contained in the subsequent articles of this chapter which are applicable to specific articles or parts thereof, and unless the context otherwise requires, in this chapter:
(1) "Action" in the sense of a judicial proceeding includes recoupment, counterclaim, setoff, suit in equity and any other proceedings in which rights are determined.
(2) "Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to resort to a remedy.
(3) "Agreement" means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance as provided in this chapter (sections 1-205 and 2-208). Whether an agreement has legal consequences is determined by the provisions of this chapter, if applicable; otherwise by the law of contracts (section 1-103). (Compare "Contract".)
(4) "Bank" means any person engaged in the business of banking.
(5) "Bearer" means a person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title or a the person in possession of an instrument, a negotiable tangible document of title, or certificated security payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.
(6) "Bill of lading" means a document of title evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of directly or indirectly transporting or forwarding goods. The terms does not include a warehouse receipt and includes an airbill. "Airbill" means a document serving for air transportation as a bill of lading for marine or rail transportation and includes an air consignment note or air waybill.
(7) "Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.
(8) "Burden of establishing a fact" means the burden of persuading the triers of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.
(9) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in the ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under article two may be a buyer in the ordinary course of business. A person that acquires goods in a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt is not a buyer in ordinary course of business.
(10) "Conspicuous" means a term or clause is conspicuous when it is so written that a reasonable person against whom it is to operate ought to have noticed it. A printed heading in capitals (as: NONNEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING) is conspicuous. Language in the body of a form is "conspicuous" if it is in larger or other contrasting type or color. But in a telegram any stated term is "conspicuous". Whether a term or clause is "conspicuous" or not is for decision by the court., with reference to a term, means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is "conspicuous" or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following:
(a) a heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and
(b) language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.
(11) "Contract" means the total legal obligation which results from the parties' agreement as affected by this chapter and any other applicable rules of law. (Compare "Agreement".)
(12) "Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankruptcy, a receiver in equity and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor's or assignor's estate.
(13) "Defendant" includes a person in the position of defendant in a cross action or counterclaim.
(14) "Delivery" with respect to an electronic document of title means voluntary transfer of control and with respect to instruments, tangible documents of title, chattel paper or certificated securities means voluntary transfer of possession.
(15) "Document of title" includes bill of lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt or order for the delivery of goods, and also any other document which means a record (i) that in the regular course of business or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession or control of the record it is entitled to receive, control, hold and dispose of the record document and the goods it the record covers and (ii) that purports to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass. The term includes a bill of lading, transport document, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt, and order for delivery of goods. To be a document of title a document must purport to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and purport to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass. An electronic document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information stored in an electronic medium. A tangible document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
(16) "Fault" means wrongful act, omission or breach.
(17) "Fungible" with respect to goods or securities means goods or securities of which any unit is, by nature or usage of trade, the equivalent of any other like unit. Goods which are not fungible shall be deemed fungible for the purposes of this chapter to the extent that under a particular agreement or document unlike units are treated as equivalents.
(18) "Genuine" means free of forgery or counterfeiting.
(19) "Good faith" means honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned.
(20) "Holder" with respect to a negotiable instrument means the person in possession if the instrument is payable to bearer or, in the case of an instrument payable to an identified person, if the identified person is in possession. "Holder" with respect to a document of title means the person in possession if the goods are deliverable to the bearer or to the order of the person in possession means:
(a) the person in possession of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or to an identified person that is the person in possession;
(b) the person in possession of a negotiable tangible document of title if the goods are deliverable either to bearer or to the order of the person in possession; or
(c) the person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title.
(21) To "honor" is to pay or to accept and pay, or where a credit so engages to purchase or discount a draft complying with the terms of the credit.
(22) "Insolvency proceedings" includes any assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceedings intended to liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.
(23) A person is "insolvent" who either has ceased to pay his or her debts in the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his or her debts as they become due or is insolvent within the meaning of the Federal Bankruptcy Law.
(24) "Money" means a medium of exchange authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government and includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between two or more nations.
(25) SUBJECT to subsection (27), a person has "notice" of a fact when if the person:
(a) He has actual knowledge of it; or
(b) He has received a notice or notification of it; or
(c) From all the facts and circumstances known to him or her at the time in question he or she has reason to know that it exists. A person "knows" or has "knowledge" of a fact when he or she has actual knowledge of it. "Discover" or "learn" or a word or phrase of similar import refers to knowledge rather than to reason to know. The time and circumstances under which a notice or notification may cease to be effective are not determined by this chapter.
(26) A person "notifies" or "gives" a notice or notification to another by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course whether or not such other the other person actually comes to know of it. A Subject to subsection (27), a person "receives" a notice or notification when:
(a) It comes to his or her attention; or
(b) It is duly delivered in a form reasonable under the circumstances at the place of business through which the contract was made or at any other place another location held out by him or her as the place for receipt of such communications.
(27) Notice, knowledge or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time when it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction and in any event from the time when it would have been brought to his the individual's attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless such communication is part of his or her regular duties or unless he or she has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.
(28) "Organization" includes a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(29) "Party," as distinct from "third party," means a person who has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement within this chapter.
(30) "Person" includes an individual or an organization (see section 1-102).
(31) "Presumption" or "presumed" means that the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact presumed unless and until evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its nonexistence.
(32) "Purchase" includes taking by sale, discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, issue or reissue, gift or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in property.
(33) "Purchaser" means a person who takes by purchase.
(34) "Remedy" means any remedial right to which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.
(35) "Representative" includes an agent, an officer of a corporation or association, and a trustee, executor or administrator of an estate, or any other person empowered to act for another.
(36) "Rights" includes remedies.
(37) "Security interest" means an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation. The term also includes any interest of consignor and a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible or a promissory note in a transaction that is subject to article nine. The special property interest of a buyer of goods on identification of those goods to a contract for sale under section 2-401 is not a "security interest," but a buyer may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with article nine. Except as otherwise provided in section 2-505, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under article two or two-a of this chapter to retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a "security interest", but a seller or lessor may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with article nine of this chapter. The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods notwithstanding shipment or delivery to the buyer (section 2-401) is limited in effect to a reservation of a "security interest".
(a) Whether a transaction creates a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case; however, a transaction creates a security interest if the consideration the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an obligation for the term of the lease not subject to termination by the lessee, and:
(i) The original term of the lease is equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods;
(ii) The lessee is bound to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of the goods;
(iii) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional consideration or nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement; or
(iv) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for no additional consideration or nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.
(b) A transaction does not create a security interest merely because it provides that:
(i) The present value of the consideration the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value of the goods at the time the lease is entered into;
(ii) The lessee assumes risk of loss of the goods, or agrees to pay taxes, insurance, filing, recording or registration fees, or service or maintenance costs with respect to the goods;
(iii) The lessee has an option to renew the lease or to become the owner of the goods;
(iv) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal at the time the option is to be performed; or
(v) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is to be performed.
(c) For purposes of this subsection:
(i) Additional consideration is not nominal if: (i) When the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee the rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed; or (ii) when the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee the price is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the option is to be performed. Additional consideration is nominal if it is less than the lessee's reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease agreement if the option is not exercised;
(ii) "Reasonably predictable" and "remaining economic life of the goods" are to be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into; and
(iii) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the parties if the rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction is entered into; otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each case at the time the transaction was entered into.
(38) "Send" in connection with any writing, record, or notice means:
(a)
to deposit in the mail or deliver for transmission by any other usual means of communication with postage or cost of transmission provided for and properly addressed and, in the case of an instrument, to an address specified thereon or otherwise agreed, or if there be none to any address reasonable under the circumstances. The receipt of any writing or notice within the time at which it would have arrived if properly sent has the effect of a proper sending: or
(b) in any other way to cause to be received any record or notice within the time it would have arrived if properly sent
.
(39) "Signed" includes any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing.
(40) "Surety" includes guarantor.
(41) "Telegram" includes a message transmitted by radio, teletype, cable, any mechanical method of transmission, or the like.
(42) "Term" means that portion of an agreement which relates to a particular matter.
(43) "Unauthorized signature" means one made without actual, implied or apparent authority and includes a forgery.
(44) "Value". Except as otherwise provided with respect to negotiable instruments and bank collections (sections 3-303, 4-208 and 4-209), a person gives "value" for rights if he acquires them:
(a) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection; or
(b) As security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a preexisting claim; or
(c) By accepting delivery pursuant to a preexisting contract for purchase; or
(d) Generally, in return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.
(45) "Warehouse receipt" means a document of title receipt issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
(46) "Written" or "writing" includes printing, typewriting or any other intentional reduction to tangible form.
ARTICLE 2. SALES
§46-2-103. Definitions and index of definitions.
(1) In this article unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Buyer" means a person who buys or contracts to buy goods.
(b) "Good faith" in the case of a merchant means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade.
(c) "Receipt" of goods means taking physical possession of them.
(d) "Seller" means a person who sells or contracts to sell goods.
(2) Other definitions applying to this article or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:
"Acceptance". Section 2-606.
"Banker's credit". Section 2-325.
"Between merchants". Section 2-104.
"Cancellation". Section 2-106 (4).
"Commercial unit". Section 2-105.
"Confirmed credit". Section 2-325.
"Conforming to contract". Section 2-106.
"Contract for sale". Section 2-106.
"Cover". Section 2-712.
"Entrusting". Section 2-403.
"Financing agency". Section 2-104.
"Future goods". Section 2-105.
"Goods". Section 2-105.
"Identification". Section 2-501.
"Installment contract". Section 2-612.
"Letter of credit". Section 2-325.
"Lot". Section 2-105.
"Merchant". Section 2-104.
"Overseas". Section 2-323.
"Person in position of seller". Section 2-707.
"Present sale". Section 2-106.
"Sale". Section 2-106.
"Sale on approval". Section 2-326.
"Sale or return". Section 2-326.
"Termination". Section 2-106.
(3) "Control" as provided in Section 7-106 and The following definitions in other articles of this chapter apply to this article:
"Check." Section 3-104.
"Consignee." Section 7-102.
"Consignor." Section 7-102.
"Consumer goods." Section 9-102.
"Dishonor." Section 3-502.
"Draft." Section 3-104.
(4) In addition article one of this chapter contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
§46-2-104. Definitions: "Merchant"; "between merchants"; "financing agency"
(1) "Merchant" means a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill.
(2) "Financing agency" means a bank, finance company or other person who in the ordinary course of business makes advances against goods or documents of title or who by arrangement with either the seller or the buyer intervenes in ordinary course to make or collect payment due or claimed under the contract for sale, as by purchasing or paying the seller's draft or making advances against it or by merely taking it for collection whether or not documents of title accompany or are associated with the draft. "Financing agency" includes also a bank or other person who similarly intervenes between persons who are in the position of seller and buyer in respect to the goods (section 2-707).
(3) "Between merchants" means in any transaction with respect to which both parties are chargeable with the knowledge or skill of merchants.
§46-2-310. Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation
Unless otherwise agreed
(a) payment is due at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive the goods even though the place of shipment is the place of delivery; and
(b) if the seller is authorized to send the goods he may ship them under reservation, and may tender the documents of title, but the buyer may inspect the goods after their arrival before payment is due unless such inspection is inconsistent with the terms of the contract (section 2-513); and
(c) if delivery is authorized and made by way of documents of title otherwise than by subsection (b) then payment is due regardless of where the goods are to be received (i) at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive delivery of the tangible documents or (ii) at the time the buyer is to receive delivery of the electronic documents and at the seller's place of business or if none, the seller's residence regardless of where the goods are to be received; and
(d) where the seller is required or authorized to ship the goods on credit the credit period runs from the time of shipment but postdating the invoice or delaying its dispatch will correspondingly delay the starting of the credit period.
§46-2-323. Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment, "overseas"
(1) Where the contract contemplates overseas shipment and contains a term C.I.F. or C. & F. or F.O.B. vessel, the seller unless otherwise agreed must obtain a negotiable bill of lading stating that the goods have been loaded on board or, in the case of a term C.I.F. or C. & F., received for shipment.
(2) Where in a case within subsection (1) a tangible bill of lading has been issued in a set of parts, unless otherwise agreed if the documents are not to be sent from abroad the buyer may demand tender of the full set; otherwise only one part of the bill of lading need be tendered. Even if the agreement expressly requires a full set
(a) due tender of a single part is acceptable within the provisions of this article on cure of improper delivery (subsection (1) of section 2-508); and
(b) even though the full set is demanded, if the documents are sent from abroad the person tendering an incomplete set may nevertheless require payment upon furnishing an indemnity which the buyer in good faith deems adequate.
(3) A shipment by water or by air or a contract contemplating such shipment is "overseas" insofar as by usage of trade or agreement it is subject to the commercial, financing or shipping practices characteristic of international deep water commerce.
§46-2-401. Passing of title; reservation for security; limited application of this section.
Each provision of this article with regard to the rights, obligations and remedies of the seller, the buyer, purchasers or other third parties applies irrespective of title to the goods except where the provision refers to such title. Insofar as situations are not covered by the other provisions of this article and matters concerning title become material the following rules apply:
(1) Title to goods cannot pass under a contract for sale prior to their identification to the contract (section 2-501), and unless otherwise explicitly agreed the buyer acquires by their identification a special property as limited by this chapter. Any retention or reservation by the seller of the title (property) in goods shipped or delivered to the buyer is limited in effect to a reservation of a security interest. Subject to these provisions and to the provisions of the article on secured transactions (article 9), title to goods passes from the seller to the buyer in any manner and on any conditions explicitly agreed on by the parties.
(2) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed title passes to the buyer at the time and place at which the seller completes his performance with reference to the physical delivery of the goods, despite any reservation of a security interest and even though a document of title is to be delivered at a different time or place; and in particular and despite any reservation of a security interest by the bill of lading
(a) if the contract requires or authorizes the seller to send the goods to the buyer but does not require him to deliver them at destination, title passes to the buyer at the time and place of shipment; but
(b) if the contract requires delivery at destination, title passes on tender there.
(3) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed where delivery is to be made without moving the goods,
(a) if the seller is to deliver a tangible document of title, title passes at the time when and the place where he delivers such documents and if the seller is to deliver an electronic document of title, title passes when the seller delivers the document; or
(b) if the goods are at the time of contracting already identified and no documents of title are to be delivered, title passes at the time and place of contracting.
(4) A rejection or other refusal by the buyer to receive or retain the goods, whether or not justified, or a justified revocation of acceptance retests title to the goods in the seller. Such recessing occurs by operation of law and is not a "sale."
§46-2-503. Manner of seller's tender of delivery.
(1) Tender of delivery requires that the seller put and hold conforming goods at the buyer's disposition and give the buyer any notification reasonably necessary to enable him to take delivery. The manner, time and place for tender are determined by the agreement and this article, and in particular
(a) tender must be at a reasonable hour, and if it is of goods they must be kept available for the period reasonably necessary to enable the buyer to take possession; but
(b) unless otherwise agreed the buyer must furnish facilities reasonably suited to the receipt of the goods.
(2) Where the case is within the next section respecting shipment tender requires that the seller comply with its provisions.
(3) Where the seller is required to deliver at a particular destination tender requires that he comply with subsection (1) and also in any appropriate case tender documents as described in subsections (4) and (5) of this section.
(4) Where goods are in the possession of a bailee and are to be delivered without being moved
(a) tender requires that the seller either tender a negotiable document of title covering such goods or procure acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; but
(b) tender to the buyer of a nonnegotiable document of title or of a written direction to record directing the bailee to deliver is sufficient tender unless the buyer seasonably objects, and except as otherwise provided in Article 9 receipt by the bailee of notification of the buyer's rights fixes those rights as against the bailee and all third persons; but risk of loss of the goods and of any failure by the bailee to honor the nonnegotiable document of title or to obey the direction remains on the seller until the buyer has had a reasonable time to present the document or direction, and a refusal by the bailee to honor the document or obey the direction defeats the tender.
(5) Where the contract requires the seller to deliver documents
(a) he must tender all such documents in correct form, except as provided in this article with respect to bills of lading in a set (subsection (2) of section 2-323); and
(b) tender through customary banking channels is sufficient and dishonor of a draft accompanying or associated with the documents constitutes nonacceptance or rejection.
§46-2-505. Seller's shipment under reservation.
(1) Where the seller has identified goods to the contract by or before shipment:
(a) His procurement of a negotiable bill of lading to his own order or otherwise reserves in him a security interest in the goods. His procurement of the bill to the order of a financing agency or of the buyer indicates in addition only the seller's expectation of transferring that interest to the person named.
(b) A nonnegotiable bill of lading to himself or his nominee reserves possession of the goods as security but except in a case of conditional delivery (subsection (2) of section 2-507) a nonnegotiable bill of lading naming the buyer as consignee reserves no security interest even though the seller retains possession or control of the bill of lading.
(2) When shipment by the seller with reservation of a security interest is in violation of the contract for sale it constitutes an improper contract for transportation within the preceding section but impairs neither the rights given to the buyer by shipment and identification of the goods to the contract nor the seller's powers as a holder of a negotiable document of title.
§46-2-506. Rights of financing agency.
(1) A financing agency by paying or purchasing for value a draft which relates to a shipment of goods acquires to the extent of the payment or purchase and in addition to its own rights under the draft and any document of title securing it any rights of the shipper in the goods including the right to stop delivery and the shipper's right to have the draft honored by the buyer.
(2) The right to reimbursement of a financing agency which has in good faith honored or purchased the draft under commitment to or authority from the buyer is not impaired by subsequent discovery of defects with reference to any relevant document which was apparently regular on its face.
§46-2-509. Risk of loss in the absence of breach.
(1) Where the contract requires or authorizes the seller to ship the goods by carrier
(a) if it does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, the risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are duly delivered to the carrier even though the shipment is under reservation (section 2-505); but
(b) if it does require him to deliver them at a particular destination and the goods are there duly tendered while in the possession of the carrier, the risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are there duly so tendered as to enable the buyer to take delivery.
(2) Where the goods are held by a bailee to be delivered without being moved, the risk of loss passes to the buyer
(a) on his receipt of possession or control of a negotiable document of title covering the goods; or
(b) on acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; or
(c) after his receipt of possession or control a nonnegotiable document of title or other written direction to deliver in a record, as provided in subsection (4) (b) of section 2-503.
(3) In any case not within subsection (1) or (2), the risk of loss passes to the buyer on his receipt of the goods if the seller is a merchant; otherwise the risk passes to the buyer on tender of delivery.
(4) The provisions of this section are subject to contrary agreement of the parties and to the provisions of this article on sale on approval (section 2-327) and on effect of breach on risk of loss (section 2-510).
§46-2-605. Waiver of buyer's objections by failure to particularize.
(1) The buyer's failure to state in connection with rejection a particular defect which is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes him from relying on the unstated defect to justify rejection or to establish breach
(a) where the seller could have cured it if stated seasonably; or
(b) between merchants when the seller has after rejection made a request in writing for a full and final written statement of all defects on which the buyer proposes to rely.
(2) Payment against documents made without reservation of rights precludes recovery of the payment for defects apparent on the face of in the documents.
§46-2-705. Seller's stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
(1) The seller may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee when he discovers the buyer to be insolvent (section 2-702) and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload or larger shipments of express or freight when the buyer repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery or if for any other reason the seller has a right to withhold or reclaim the goods.
(2) As against such buyer the seller may stop delivery until
(a) receipt of the goods by the buyer; or
(b) acknowledgment to the buyer by any bailee of the goods except a carrier that the bailee holds the goods for the buyer; or
(c) such acknowledgment to the buyer by a carrier by reshipment or as warehouseman; or
(d) negotiation to the buyer of any negotiable document of title covering the goods.
(3)(a) To stop delivery the seller must so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
(b) After such notification the bailee must hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the seller but the seller is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
(c) If a negotiable document of title has been issued for goods the bailee is not obliged to obey a notification to stop until surrender of possession or control of the document.
(d) A carrier who has issued a nonnegotiable bill of lading is not obligated to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.
ARTICLE 2A. LEASES.
§46-2A-103. Definitions and index of definitions.
(1) In this article unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the sale to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods, buys in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling goods of that kind but does not include a pawnbroker. "Buying" may be for cash or by exchange of other property or on secured or unsecured credit and includes receiving acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
(b) "Cancellation" occurs when either party puts an end to the lease contract for default by the other party.
(c) "Commercial unit" means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of lease and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article, as a machine, or a set of articles, as a suite of furniture or a line of machinery, or a quantity, as a gross or carload, or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole.
(d) "Conforming" goods or performance under a lease contract means goods or performance that are in accordance with the obligations under the lease contract.
(e) "Consumer lease" shall have the same meaning as that ascribed to it in section one hundred two, article one, chapter forty-six-a of this code.
(f) "Fault" means wrongful act, omission, breach or default.
(g) "Finance lease" means a lease with respect to which:
(i) The lessor does not select, manufacture or supply the goods;
(ii) The lessor acquires the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods in connection with the lease; and
(iii) One of the following occurs:
(A) The lessee receives a copy of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods before signing the lease contract;
(B) The lessee's approval of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods is a condition to effectiveness of the lease contract;
(C) The lessee, before signing the lease contract, receives an accurate and complete statement designating the promises and warranties, and any disclaimers of warranties, limitations or modifications of remedies, or liquidated damages, including those of a third party, such as the manufacturer of the goods, provided to the lessor by the person supplying the goods in connection with or as part of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods; or
(D) If the lease is not a consumer lease, the lessor, before the lessee signs the lease contract, informs the lessee in writing: (a) Of the identity of the person supplying the goods to the lessor, unless the lessee has selected that person and directed the lessor to acquire the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods from that person; (b) that the lessee is entitled under this article to the promises and warranties, including those of any third party, provided to the lessor by the person supplying the goods in connection with or as part of the contract by which the lessor acquired the goods or the right to possession and use of the goods; and (c) that the lessee may communicate with the person supplying the goods to the lessor and receive an accurate and complete statement of those promises and warranties, including any disclaimers and limitations of them or of remedies.
(h) "Goods" means all things that are movable at the time of identification to the lease contract, or are fixtures (section 2A-309), but the term does not include money, documents, instruments, accounts, chattel paper, general intangibles or minerals or the like, including oil and gas, before extraction. The term also includes the unborn young of animals.
(i) "Installment lease contract" means a lease contract that authorizes or requires the delivery of goods in separate lots to be separately accepted, even though the lease contract contains a clause "each delivery is a separate lease" or its equivalent.
(j) "Lease" means a transfer of the right to possession and use of goods for a term in return for consideration, but a sale, including a sale on approval or a sale or return, or retention or creation of a security interest is not a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease.
(k) "Lease agreement" means the bargain, with respect to the lease, of the lessor and the lessee in fact as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance as provided in this article. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease agreement.
(l) "Lease contract" means the total legal obligation that results from the lease agreement as affected by this article and any other applicable rules of law. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease contract.
(m) "Leasehold interest" means the interest of the lessor or the lessee under a lease contract.
(n) "Lessee" means a person who acquires the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublease.
(o) "Lessee in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the lease to him or her is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest or leasehold interest of a third party in the goods leases, in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling or leasing goods of that kind but does not include a pawnbroker. "Leasing" may be for cash or by exchange of other property or on secured or unsecured credit and includes receiving acquiring goods or documents of title under a preexisting lease contract but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
(p) "Lessor" means a person who transfers the right to possession and use of goods under a lease. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term includes a sublessor.
(q) "Lessor's residual interest" means the lessor's interest in the goods after expiration, termination or cancellation of the lease contract.
(r) "Lien" means a charge against or interest in goods to secure payment of a debt or performance of an obligation, but the term does not include a security interest.
(s) "Lot" means a parcel or a single article that is the subject matter of a separate lease or delivery, whether or not it is sufficient to perform the lease contract.
(t) "Merchant lessee" means a lessee that is a merchant with respect to goods of the kind subject to the lease.
(u) "Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the parties if the rate was not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction was entered into; otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each case at the time the transaction was entered into.
(v) "Purchase" includes taking by sale, lease, mortgage, security interest, pledge, gift or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in goods.
(w) "Sublease" means a lease of goods the right to possession and use of which was acquired by the lessor as a lessee under an existing lease.
(x) "Supplier" means a person from whom a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased under a finance lease.
(y) "Supply contract" means a contract under which a lessor buys or leases goods to be leased.
(z) "Termination" occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the lease contract otherwise than for default.
(2) Other definitions applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:
"Accessions". Section 2A-310(1).
"Construction mortgage". Section 2A-309(1)(d).
"Encumbrance". Section 2A-309(1)(e).
"Fixtures". Section 2A-309(1)(a).
"Fixture filing". Section 2A-309(1)(b).
"Purchase money lease". Section 2A-309(1)(c).
(3) The following definitions in other articles apply to this article:
"Account". Section 9-102(a)(2).
"Between merchants". Section 2-104(3).
"Buyer". Section 2-103(1)(a).
"Chattel paper". Section 9-102(a)(11).
"Consumer goods". Section 9-102(a)(23).
"Document". Section 9-102(a)(30).
"Entrusting". Section 2-403(3).
"General intangible". Section 9-102(a)(42).
"Good faith". Section 2-103(1)(b).
"Instrument". Section 9-102(a)(47).
"Merchant". Section 2-104(1).
"Mortgage". Section 9-102(a)(55).
"Pursuant to commitment". Section 9-102(a)(68).
"Receipt". Section 2-103(1)(c).
"Sale". Section 2-106(1).
"Sale on approval". Section 2-326.
"Sale or return". Section 2-326.
"Seller". Section 2-103(1)(d).
(4) In addition, article one contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
§46-2A-514. Waiver of lessee's objections.
(1) In rejecting goods, a lessee's failure to state a particular defect that is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes the lessee from relying on the defect to justify rejection or to establish default:
(a) If, stated seasonably, the lessor or the supplier could have cured it (section 2A-513); or
(b) Between merchants if the lessor or the supplier after rejection has made a request in writing for a full and final written statement of all defects on which the lessee proposes to rely.
(2) A lessee's failure to reserve rights when paying rent or other consideration against documents precludes recovery of the payment for defects apparent on the face of in the documents.
§46-2A-526. Lessor's stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
(1) A lessor may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee if the lessor discovers the lessee to be insolvent and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload or larger shipments of express or freight if the lessee repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery, whether for rent, security or otherwise under the lease contract, or for any other reason the lessor has a right to withhold or take possession of the goods.
(2) In pursuing its remedies under subsection (1), the lessor may stop delivery until:
(a) Receipt of the goods by the lessee;
(b) Acknowledgment to the lessee by any bailee of the goods, except a carrier, that the bailee holds the goods for the lessee; or
(c) Such an acknowledgment to the lessee by a carrier via reshipment or as a warehouseman.
(3)(a) To stop delivery, a lessor shall so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
(b) After notification, the bailee shall hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the lessor, but the lessor is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
(c) A carrier who has issued a nonnegotiable bill of lading is not obliged to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.
ARTICLE 4. BANK DEPOSITS AND COLLECTIONS.
§46-4-104. Definitions and index of definitions.
(a) In this article unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Account" means any deposit or credit account with a bank, including demand, time, savings, passbook, share draft, or like account, other than an account evidenced by a certificate of deposit;
(2) "Afternoon" means the period of a day between noon and midnight;
(3) "Banking day" means the part of a day on which a bank is open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its banking functions;
(4) "Clearing house" means an association of banks or other payors regularly clearing items;
(5) "Customer" means a person having an account with a bank or for whom a bank has agreed to collect items, including a bank that maintains an account at another bank;
(6) "Documentary draft" means a draft to be presented for acceptance or payment if specified documents, certificated securities (section 8-102) or instructions for uncertificated securities (section 8-102), or other certificates, statements or the like are to be received by the drawee or other payor before acceptance or payment of the draft;
(7) "Draft" means a draft as defined in section 3-104 or an item, other than an instrument, that is an order;
(8) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment;
(9) "Item" means an instrument or a promise or order to pay money handled by a bank for collection or payment. The term does not include a payment order governed by article four-a or a credit or debit card slip;
(10) "Midnight deadline" with respect to a bank is midnight on its next banking day following the banking day on which it receives the relevant item or notice or from which the time for taking action commences to run, whichever is later;
(11) "Settle" means to pay in cash, by clearing-house settlement, in a charge or credit or by remittance, or otherwise as agreed. A settlement may be either provisional or final;
(12) "Suspends payments" with respect to a bank means that it has been closed by order of the supervisory authorities, that a public officer has been appointed to take it over or that it ceases or refuses to make payments in the ordinary course of business.
(b) Other definitions applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:
"Agreement for electronic presentment" Section 4-110.
"Bank"
Section 4-105.

"Collecting bank"Section 4-105.
"Depositary bank"Section 4-105.
"Intermediary bank"Section 4-105.
"Payor bank"Section 4-105.
"Presenting bank"Section 4-105.
"Presentment notice"Section 4-110.
(c) "Control" as provided in Section 7-106 and tThe following definitions in other articles of this chapter apply to this article:
"Acceptance"Section 3-409.
"Alteration"Section 3-407.
"Cashier's check"Section 3-104.
"Certificate of deposit"Section 3-104.
"Certified check"Section 3-409.
"Check"
Section 3-104.

"Draft"
Section 3-104.

"Good faith"Section 3-103.
"Holder in due course"Section 3-302.
"Instrument"Section 3-104.
"Notice of dishonor"Section 3-503.
"Order"
Section 3-103.

"Ordinary care"Section 3-103.
"Person entitled to enforce"Section 3-301.
"Presentment"Section 3-501.
"Promise"
Section 3-103.

"Prove"
Section 3-103.

"Teller's check"Section 3-104.
"Unauthorized signature"Section 3-403.
(d) In addition, article one contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
§46-4-210. Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.
(a) A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either:
(1) In case of an item deposited in an account, to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied;
(2) In case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given, whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or
(3) If it makes an advance on or against the item.
(b) If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part, the security interest remains upon all the items, any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.
(c) Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents and proceeds. So long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of the accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues to that extent and is subject to article nine but:
(1) No security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable (section 9-203(b)(3)(A));
(2) No filing is required to perfect the security interest; and
(3) The security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents or proceeds.
ARTICLE 7. WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILL OF LADING AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE.
Part 1 General.


§46-7-101. Short title.
This article shall be known and may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code--Documents of Title.
§46-7-102. Definitions and index of definitions.
(1a) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a1) "Bailee" means thea person whothat by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading, or other document of title acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.
(b2) "Carrier" means a person that issues a bill of lading.
(3
) "Consignee" means thea person named in a bill of lading to whomwhich or to whose order the bill promises delivery.
(c4) "Consignor" means thea person named in a bill of lading as the person from whomwhich the goods have been received for shipment.
(d5) "Delivery order" means a writtenrecord that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehousemanwarehouse, carrier, or other person whothat in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.
(e) "Document" means document of title as defined in the general definitions in article 1 (section 1-201).
(f6) "Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(7
) "Goods" means all things whichthat are treated as moveable for the purposes of a contract offor storage or transportation.
(g8) "Issuer" means a bailee whothat issues a document except thatof title or, in relation tothe case of an unaccepted delivery order it means, the person whothat orders the possessor of goods to deliver. IssuerThe term includes any person for whomwhich an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, notwithstanding thateven if the issuer did not received no any goods or that, the goods were misdescribed, or that in any other respect the agent or employee violated histhe issuer's instructions.
(h) "Warehouseman" is(9) "Person entitled under the document" means the holder, in the case of a negotiable document of title, or the person to which delivery of the goods is to be made by the terms of, or pursuant to instructions in a record under, a nonnegotiable document of title.
(10) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(11) "Sign" means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record:
(A) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(B) to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic sound, symbol, or process.
(12) "Shipper" means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.
(13) "Warehouse" means
a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
(2) Other definitions applying to this article or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:
"Duly negotiate." Section 7-501.

"Person entitled under the document." Section 7-403(4).

(3b) Definitions in other articles of this chapter applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:
"Contract(1) "Contract for sale." sale", Section 2-106.
"Overseas." Section 2-323.

"Receipt" of goods.

(2) "Lessee in the ordinary course of business", Section 2A-103.
(3) "Receipt" of goods,
Section 2-103.
(4c) In addition a, Article 1 of this chapter contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.

§46-7-103. Relation of article to treaty, or statute, tariff, classification or regulation.
To the extent that(a) This article is subject to any treaty or statute of the United States, or regulatory statute of this Sstate or tariff, classification or regulation filed or issued pursuant thereto is applicable, the provisions of this article are subject thereto.
to the extent the treaty, statute, or regulatory statute is applicable.
(b) This article does not modify or repeal any law prescribing the form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee's business in respects not specifically treated in this article. However, violation of such a law does not affect the status of a document of title that otherwise is within the definition of a document of title.
(c) This [act] modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001, et. seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b)).

(d) To the extent there is a conflict between article one, chapter thirty-nine A and this article, this article governs.
§46-7-104. Negotiable and nonnegotiable warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document of title.
(1a) A warehouse receipt, bill of lading or otherExcept as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a document of title is negotiable
(a) if by its terms the goods are to be delivered to bearer or to the order of a named person; or

(b) where recognized in overseas trade, if it runs to a named person or assigns.

(2) Any other document.

(b) A document of title other than one described in subsection (a)
is nonnegotiable. A bill of lading in which it isthat stateds that the goods are consigned to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that the goods are to be delivered only against a writtenan order in a record signed by the same or another named person.
(c) A document of title is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued, the document has a conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is nonnegotiable.
§46-7-105. Construction against negative implicationReissuance in alternative medium.
The omission from either part 2 or part 3 of this article of a provision corresponding to a provision made in the other part does not imply that a corresponding rule of law is not applicable.
(a) Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of title, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:
(1) the person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and
(2) the tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.
(b) Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a):
(1) the electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2) the person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.
(c) Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document of title, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:
(1) the person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and
(2) the electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.
(d) Upon issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c):
(1) the tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2) the person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.
§46-7-106. Control of electronic document of title.
(a) A person has control of an electronic document of title if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the electronic document reliably establishes that person as the person to which the electronic document was issued or transferred.
(b) A system satisfies subsection (a), and a person is deemed to have control of an electronic document of title, if the document is created, stored, and assigned in such a manner that:
(1) a single authoritative copy of the document exists which is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (4), (5), and (6), unalterable;
(2) the authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as:
(A) the person to which the document was issued; or
(B) if the authoritative copy indicates that the document has been transferred, the person to which the document was most recently transferred;
(3) the authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the person asserting control or its designated custodian;
(4) copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the person asserting control;
(5) each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and
(6) any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.
Part 2 Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions

§46-7-201. Who Person that may issue a warehouse receipt; storage under government bond.
(1a) A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehousemanwarehouse.
(2b) WhereIf goods, including distilled spirits and agricultural commodities, are stored under a statute requiring a bond against withdrawal or a license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods has like effect asis deemed to be a warehouse receipt even thoughif issued by a person whothat is the owner of the goods and is not a warehousemanwarehouse.
§46-7-202. Form of warehouse receipt; essential terms; optional termseffect of omission.
(1a) A warehouse receipt need not be in any particular form.
(2b) Unless a warehouse receipt embodies within its written or printed termsprovides for each of the following, the warehousemanwarehouse is liable for damages caused by the omission to a person injured therebyby its omission:
(a1) Ta statement of the location of the warehouse facility where the goods are stored;
(b2) the date of issue of the receipt;
(c3) the consecutive numberunique identification code of the receipt;
(d4) a statement whether the goods received will be delivered to the bearer, to a specifiednamed person, or to a specifiednamed person or hisits order;
(e5) the rate of storage and handling charges, except that whereunless goods are stored under a field warehousing arrangement, in which case a statement of that fact is sufficient on a nonnegotiable receipt;
(f6) a description of the goods or of the packages containing them;
(g7) the signature of the warehouseman, which may be made by his authorizedwarehouse or its agent;
(h8) if the receipt is issued for goods of whichthat the warehouseman iswarehouse owners, either solely or, jointly, or in common with others, a statement of the fact of suchthat ownership; and
(i9) a statement of the amount of advances made and of liabilities incurred for which the warehousemanwarehouse claims a lien or security interest (section 7-209). If, unless the precise amount of such advances made or of such liabilities incurred is, at the time of the issue of the receipt, is unknown to the warehousemanwarehouse or to hisits agent who issues it,that issued the receipt, in which case a statement of the fact that advances have been made or liabilities incurred and the purpose thereofof the advances or liabilities is sufficient.
(3c) A warehousemanwarehouse may insert in hisits receipt any other terms whichthat are not contrary to [the provisions of this chapterUniform Commercial Code] and do not impair hisits obligation of delivery (sectionunder Section 7-403) or hisits duty of care (sectionunder Section 7-204). Any contrary provisions shall beprovision is ineffective.
§46-7-203. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.
A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document of title, other than a bill of lading relying in either case, that relies upon the description therein of the goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that:
(1)
the document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether anyall or part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as wherea case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents, condition, and quality unknown"," "said to contain", or the likewords of similar import, if suchthe indication beis true,; or
(2)
the party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or misdescription.
§46-7-204. Duty of cCare; cContractual lLimitation of warehouseman's lWarehouse's Liability.
(1a) A warehousemanwarehouse is liable for damages for loss of or injury to the goods caused by hisits failure to exercise such care inwith regard to them as goods that a reasonably careful manperson would exercise under likesimilar circumstances but u. Unless otherwise agreed he, the warehouse is not liable for damages whichthat could not have been avoided by the exercise of suchthat care.
(2b) Damages may be limited by a term in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement limiting the amount of liability in case of loss or damage, and setting forth a specific liability per article or item, or value per unit of weight, beyond which the warehouseman shallwarehouse is not be liable: Provided, however, that such liability may on written. Such a limitation is not effective with respect to the warehouse's liability for conversion to its own use. On request of the bailor in a record at the time of signing suchthe storage agreement or within a reasonable time after receipt of the warehouse receipt, the warehouse's liability may be increased on part or all of the goods thereunder, icovered by the storage agreement or the warehouse receipt. In whichthis event, increased rates may be charged based on suchan increased valuation, but that no such increase shall be permitted contrary to a lawful limitation of liability contained in the warehouseman's tariff, if any. No such limitation is effective with respect to the warehouseman's liability for conversion to his own use.
(3) of the goods.

(c)
Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and institutingcommencing actions based on the bailment may be included in the warehouse receipt or tariff.storage agreement.
§46-7-205. Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.
A buyer in the ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouseman whowarehouse that is also in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even though itif the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.
§46-7-206. Termination of storage at warehouseman'swarehouse's option.
(1a) A warehouseman may on notifyingwarehouse, by giving notice to the person on whose account the goods are held and any other person known to claim an interest in the goods, may require payment of any charges and removal of the goods from the warehouse at the termination of the period of storage fixed by the document, of title or, if noa period is not fixed, within a stated period not less than thirty30 days after the notificationwarehouse gives notice. If the goods are not removed before the date specified in the notificationnotice, the warehouseman may sell them in accordance with the provisions of the section on enforcement of a warehouseman's lien (section 7-210).warehouse may sell them pursuant to Section 7-210.
(2b) If a warehousemanwarehouse in good faith believes that the goods are about to deteriorate or decline in value to less than the amount of hisits lien within the time prescribedprovided in subsection (1a) for notification, advertisement and saleSection 7- 210, the warehousemanwarehouse may specify in the notificationnotice given under subsection (a) any reasonable shorter time for removal of the goods and in case, if the goods are not removed, may sell them at public sale held not less than one week after a single advertisement or posting.
(3c) If, as a result of a quality or condition of the goods of which the warehouseman had nowarehouse did not have notice at the time of deposit, the goods are a hazard to other property or to, the warehouse facilities, or toother persons, the warehousemanwarehouse may sell the goods at public or private sale without advertisement or posting on reasonable notification to all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. If the warehousemanwarehouse, after a reasonable effort, is unable to sell the goods he, it may dispose of them in any lawful manner and shalldoes not incur no liability by reason of suchthat disposition.
(4d) The warehouseman mustA warehouse shall deliver the goods to any person entitled to them under this article upon due demand made at any time prior tobefore sale or other disposition under this section.
(5e) The warehousemanA warehouse may satisfy hisits lien from the proceeds of any sale or disposition under this section but mustshall hold the balance for delivery on the demand of any person to whom hewhich the warehouse would have been bound to deliver the goods.
§46-7-207. Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods.
(1a) Unless the warehouse receipt provides otherwise provides, a warehouseman mustwarehouse shall keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods except that. However, different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
(2b) FIf different lots of fungible goods soare commingled, the goods are owned in common by the persons entitled thereto and the warehousemanwarehouse is severally liable to each owner for that owner's share. WhereIf, because of overissue, a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts which the warehousemanwarehouse has issued against it, the persons entitled include all holders to whomwhich overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.
§46-7-208. Altered warehouse receipts.
WhereIf a blank in a negotiable tangible warehouse receipt has been filled in without authority, a good-faith purchaser for value and without notice of the wantlack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized. Any other unauthorized alteration leaves any tangible or electronic warehouse receipt enforceable against the issuer according to its original tenor.
§46-7-209. Lien of warehousemanwarehouse.
(1a) A warehousemanwarehouse has a lien against the bailor on the goods covered by a warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in hisits possession for charges for storage or transportation (, including demurrage and terminal charges), insurance, labor, or other charges, present or future, in relation to the goods, and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. If the person on whose account the goods are held is liable for likesimilar charges or expenses in relation to other goods whenever deposited and it is stated in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement that a lien is claimed for charges and expenses in relation to other goods, the warehousemanwarehouse also has a lien against him for suchthe goods covered by the warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for those charges and expenses, whether or not the other goods have been delivered by the warehousemanwarehouse. ButHowever, as against a person to whomwhich a negotiable warehouse receipt is duly negotiated, a warehouseman'swarehouse's lien is limited to charges in an amount or at a rate specified onin the warehouse receipt or, if no charges are so specified then, to a reasonable charge for storage of the specific goods covered by the receipt subsequent to the date of the receipt.
(2b) The warehousemanA warehouse may also reserve a security interest against the bailor for athe maximum amount specified on the receipt for charges other than those specified in subsection (1a), such as for money advanced and interest. Such aThe security interest is governed by the article on secured transactions (aArticle 9).
(3c) A warehouseman'swarehouse's lien for charges and expenses under subsection (1a) or a security interest under subsection (2b) is also effective against any person whothat so entrusted the bailor with possession of the goods that a pledge of them by himthe bailor to a good -faith purchaser for value would have been valid but. However, the lien or security interest is not effective against a person as to whom the document confers no right in the goods covered by it under section 7-503.
(4) A warehouseman loses histhat before issuance of a document of title had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in the goods and that did not:
(1) deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering the goods to the bailor or the bailor's nominee with:
(A) actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell;
(B) power to obtain delivery under Section 7-403; or
(C) power of disposition under Sections 2-403, 2A- 304(2), 2A-305(2), 9-320, or 9-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; or
(2) acquiesce in the procurement by the bailor or its nominee of any document.
(d) A warehouse's lien on household goods for charges and expenses in relation to the goods under subsection (a) is also effective against all persons if the depositor was the legal possessor of the goods at the time of deposit. In this subsection, "household goods" means furniture, furnishings, or personal effects used by the depositor in a dwelling.
(e) A warehouse loses its
lien on any goods which hethat it voluntarily delivers or which he unjustifiably refuses to deliver.
§46-7-210. Enforcement of warehouseman'swarehouse's lien.
(1a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2b), a warehouseman'swarehouse's lien may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in blocbulk or in parcelspackages, at any time or place and on any terms whichthat are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. SuchThe notification must include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale, and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a method different method from that selected by the warehousemanwarehouse is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. IThe warehouse sells in a commercially reasonable manner if the warehouseman eitherwarehouse sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefore, or if he sells at the price current in suchthat market at the time of histhe sale, or if he has otherwise soldsells in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold, he has sold in a commercially reasonable manner. A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to insureensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.
(2b) A warehouseman'swarehouse may enforce its lien on goods, other than goods stored by a merchant in the course of hisits business may be enforced, only as followsif the following requirements are satisfied:
(a1) All persons known to claim an interest in the goods must be notified.
(b) The notification must be delivered in person or sent by registered or certified letter to the last-known address of any person to be notified.
(c2) The notification must include an itemized statement of the claim, a description of the goods subject to the lien, a demand for payment within a specified time not less than ten10 days after receipt of the notification, and a conspicuous statement that unless the claim is paid within that time the goods will be advertised for sale and sold by auction at a specified time and place.
(d3) The sale must conform to the terms of the notification.
(e4) The sale must be held at the nearest suitable place to that where the goods are held or stored.
(f5) After the expiration of the time given in the notification, an advertisement of the sale must be published once a week for two weeks consecutively in a newspaper of general circulation where the sale is to be held. The advertisement must include a description of the goods, the name of the person on whose account theythe goods are being held, and the time and place of the sale. The sale must take place at least fifteen15 days after the first publication. If there is no newspaper of general circulation where the sale is to be held, the advertisement must be posted at least ten10 days before the sale in not lessfewer than six conspicuous places in the neighborhood of the proposed sale.
(3c) Before any sale pursuant to this section, any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred underin complying with this section. In that event, the goods mustmay not be sold, but must be retained by the warehousemanwarehouse subject to the terms of the receipt and this article.
(4d) The warehousemanA warehouse may buy at any public sale held pursuant to this section.
(5e) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a warehouseman'swarehouse's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against whomwhich the lien was valid, despite the warehouse's noncompliance by the warehouseman with the requirements of this section.
(6f) The warehousemanA warehouse may satisfy hisits lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this section but mustshall hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to whom hewhich the warehouse would have been bound to deliver the goods.
(7g) The rights provided by this section shall beare in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against hisa debtor.
(8h) WhereIf a lien is on goods stored by a merchant in the course of hisits business, the lien may be enforced in accordance with either subsection (1a) or (2b).
(9i) The warehousemanA warehouse is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this section and, in case of willful violation, is liable for conversion.
Part 3 Bills of Lading: Special Provisions

§46-7-301. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; "sSaid to contain"; "sShipper's weight, load, and count"; improper handling.
(1a) A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill whoof lading which has given value in good faith, or a holder to whomwhich a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying in either case upon the description therein of the goods, in the bill or upon the date therein shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the documentbill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as wherein a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents or condition of contents of packages unknown"," "said to contain"," "shipper's weight, load, and count," or the likewords of similar import, if suchthat indication beis true.
(2b) WhenIf goods are loaded by anthe issuer who isof a common carrier,bill of lading;
(1)
the issuer mustshall count the packages of goods if package freightshipped in packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk freight. In; and
(2) words
such casesas "shipper's weight, load, and count," or other words of similar import indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to freightgoods concealed byin packages.
(3c) WhenIf bulk freight isgoods are loaded by a shipper whothat makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing such freightthose goods, anthe issuer who is a common carrier mustshall ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving the writtenshipper's request of the shipperin a record to do so. In suchthat cases, "shipper's weight" or other words of like purportsimilar import are ineffective.
(4d) The issuer mayof a bill of lading, by insertingincluding in the bill the words "shipper's weight, load, and count," or other words of like purportsimilar import, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper; , and, if suchthat statement beis true, the issuer shallis not be liable for damages caused by the improper loading. But theirHowever, omission of such words does not imply liability for such damages caused by improper loading.
(5e) TheA shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteeds to thean issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition, and weight, as furnished by him; the shipper, and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in suchthose particulars. Theis right of indemnity does not limit the issuer to such indemnity shall in no way limit his's responsibility andor liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
§46-7-302. Through bills of lading and similar documents of title.
(1a) The issuer of a through bill of lading, or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a persons acting as its agents or by connectinga performing carriers, is liable to anyoneany person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for any breach by suchthe other persons or by a connectingthe performing carrier of its obligation under the bill or other document but. However, to the extent that the bill or other document covers an undertaking to be performed overseas or in territory not contiguous to the continental United States or an undertaking including matters other than transportation, this liability for breach by the other person or the performing carrier may be varied by agreement of the parties.
(2b) WhereIf goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a persons other than the issuer are received by any suchthat person, hethe person is subject, with respect to hisits own performance while the goods are in hisits possession, to the obligation of the issuer. HisThe person's obligation is discharged by delivery of the goods to another such person pursuant to the bill or other document, and does not include liability for breach by any other such persons or by the issuer.
(3c) The issuer of sucha through bill of lading or other document shall beof title described in subsection (a) is entitled to recover from the connectingperforming carrier, or such other person in possession of the goods when the breach of the obligation under the bill or other document occurred,:
(1)
the amount it may be required to pay to anyoneany person entitled to recover on the bill or other document thereforfor the breach, as may be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript thereof,of judgment; and
(2)
the amount of any expense reasonably incurred by itthe issuer in defending any action broughtcommenced by anyoneany person entitled to recover on the bill or other document thereforfor the breach.
§46-7-303. Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions.
(1a) Unless the bill of lading otherwise provides, thea carrier may deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that stated in the bill or may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for misdelivery, on instructions from:
(a1) the holder of a negotiable bill; or
(b2) the consignor on a nonnegotiable bill notwithstanding, even if the consignee has given contrary instructions from the consignee; or
(c3) the consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or in control of the electronic bill; or
(d4) the consignee on a nonnegotiable bill, if hethe consignee is entitled as against the consignor to dispose of themthe goods.
(2b) Unless such instructions described in subsection (a) are noted onincluded in a negotiable bill of lading, a person to whomwhich the bill is duly negotiated canmay hold the bailee according to the original terms.
§46-7-304. BTangible bills of lading in a set.
(1a) Except whereas customary in overseasinternational transportation, a tangible bill of lading mustmay not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable for damages caused by violation of this subsection.
(2b) WhereIf a tangible bill of lading is lawfully drawnissued in a set of parts, each of which is numberedcontains an identification code and is expressed to be valid only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part, the whole of the parts constitutes one bill.
(3c) Where aIf a tangible negotiable bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts and different parts are negotiated to different persons, the title of the holder to whomwhich the first due negotiation is made prevails as to both the document of title and the goods even thoughif any later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good faith and discharged the carrier's obligation by surrender of hissurrendering its part.
(4d) Any person whothat negotiates or transfers a single part of a tangible bill of lading drawnissued in a set is liable to holders of that part as if it were the whole set.
(5e) The bailee is obliged toshall deliver in accordance with pPart 4 of this article against the first presented part of a tangible bill of lading lawfully drawnissued in a set. Such dDelivery in this manner discharges the bailee's obligation on the whole bill.
§46-7-305. Destination bills.
(1a) Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place of shipment, a carrier may, at the request of the consignor, may procure the bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the request.
(2b) Upon request of anyoneany person entitled as against thea carrier to control the goods while in transit and on surrender of possession or control of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering suchthe goods, the issuer, subject to Section 7- 105, may procure a substitute bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.
§46-7-306. Altered bills of lading.
An unauthorized alteration or filling in of a blank in a bill of lading leaves the bill enforceable according to its original tenor.
§46-7-307. Lien of carrier.
(1a) A carrier has a lien on the goods covered by a bill of lading for charges subsequent to the date of itsor on the proceeds thereof in its possession for charges after the date of the carrier's receipt of the goods for storage or transportation (,including demurrage and terminal charges), and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods incident to their transportation or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. ButHowever, against a purchaser for value of a negotiable bill of lading, a carrier's lien is limited to charges stated in the bill or the applicable tariffs, or, if no charges are stated then to, a reasonable charge.
(2b) A lien for charges and expenses under subsection (1a) on goods whichthat the carrier was required by law to receive for transportation is effective against the consignor or any person entitled to the goods unless the carrier had notice that the consignor lacked authority to subject the goods to suchthose charges and expenses. Any other lien under subsection (1a) is effective against the consignor and any person whothat permitted the bailor to have control or possession of the goods unless the carrier had notice that the bailor lacked such authority.
(3c) A carrier loses hisits lien on any goods which hethat it voluntarily delivers or which he unjustifiably refuses to deliver.
§46-7-308. Enforcement of carrier's lien.
(1a) A carrier's lien on goods may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in blocbulk or in parcelspackages, at any time or place and on any terms whichthat are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. SuchThe notification must include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale, and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a method different method from that selected by the carrier is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. IThe carrier sells goods in a commercially reasonable manner if the carrier either sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefor or if he, sells at the price current in suchthat market at the time of histhe sale, or if he has otherwise soldsells in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold he has sold in a commercially reasonable manner. A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to ensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.
(2b) Before any sale pursuant to this section, any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred underin complying with this section. In that event, the goods mustmay not be sold, but must be retained by the carrier, subject to the terms of the bill of lading and this article.
(3c) TheA carrier may buy at any public sale pursuant to this section.
(4d) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a carrier's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against whomwhich the lien was valid, despite the carrier's noncompliance by the carrier with the requirements of this section.
(5e) TheA carrier may satisfy hisits lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this section but mustshall hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to whom hewhich the carrier would have been bound to deliver the goods.
(6f) The rights provided by this section shall beare in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against hisa debtor.
(7g) A carrier's lien may be enforced in accordance withpursuant to either subsection (1a) or the procedure set forth in subsection (2) of sSection 7-210(b).
(8h) TheA carrier is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this section and, in case of willful violation, is liable for conversion.
§46-7-309. Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier's liability.
(1a) A carrier whothat issues a bill of lading, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable must, shall exercise the degree of care in relation to the goods which a reasonably careful manperson would exercise under likesimilar circumstances. This subsection does not repeal or changeaffect any lawstatute, regulation, or rule of law whichthat imposes liability upon a common carrier for damages not caused by its negligence.
(2b) Damages may be limited by a provisionterm in the bill of lading or in a transportation agreement that the carrier's liability shallmay not exceed a value stated in the documentbill or transportation agreement if the carrier's rates are dependent upon value and the consignor by the carrier's tariff is afforded an opportunity to declare a higher value or a value as lawfully provided in the tariff, or where no tariff is filed he is otherwise advised of such opportunity; but no such limitation isand the consignor is advised of the opportunity. However, such a limitation is not effective with respect to the carrier's liability for conversion to its own use.
(3c) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and institutingcommencing actions based on the shipment may be included in a bill of lading or tariffa transportation agreement.
Part 4 Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: General Obligations

§46-7-401. Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer.
The obligations imposed by this article on an issuer apply to a document of title regardless of the fact thateven if:
(a1) the document maydoes not comply with the requirements of this article or of any other lawstatute, rule, or regulation regarding its issueissuance, form, or content; or
(b2) the issuer may have violated laws regulating the conduct of hisits business; or
(c3) the goods covered by the document were owned by the bailee at the timewhen the document was issued; or
(d4) the person issuing the document doesis not come within the definition of a warehouseman if itwarehouse but the document purports to be a warehouse receipt.
§46-7-402. Duplicate receiptdocument or billf title; overissue. Neither aA duplicate noror any other document of title purporting to cover goods already represented by an outstanding document of the same issuer does not confers any right in the goods, except as provided in the case of tangible bills of lading in a set of parts, overissue of documents for fungible goods and, substitutes for lost, stolen, or destroyed documents, or substitute documents issued pursuant to Section 7-105. But tThe issuer is liable for damages caused by hisits overissue or failure to identify a duplicate document as such by a conspicuous notation on its face.
§46-7-403. Obligation of warehouseman or carrierbailee to deliver; excuse.
(1a) TheA bailee mustshall deliver the goods to a person entitled under thea document whoof title if the person complies with subsections (2b) and (3c), unless and to the extent that the bailee establishes any of the following:
(a1) Ddelivery of the goods to a person whose receipt was rightful as against a the claimant;
(b2) damage to or delay, loss, or destruction of the goods for which the bailee is not liable;
(c3) previous sale or other disposition of the goods in lawful enforcement of a lien or on warehouseman'sa warehouse's lawful termination of storage;
(d4) the exercise by a seller of hisits right to stop delivery pursuant to the provisions of the article on sales (section 2-705)Section 2-705 or by a lessor of its right to stop delivery pursuant to Section 2A-526;
(e5) a diversion, reconsignment, or other disposition pursuant to the provisions of this article (section 7-303) or tariff regulating such rightSection 7-303;
(f6) release, satisfaction, or any other fact affording a personal defense against the claimant; or
(g7) any other lawful excuse.
(2b) A person claiming goods covered by a document of title mustshall satisfy the bailee's lien whereif the bailee so requests or whereif the bailee is prohibited by law from delivering the goods until the charges are paid.
(3c) Unless a person claiming the goods is a person against which the document of title does not confer a right under Section 7-503(a):
(1)
the person claiming is one against whom the document confers no right under section 7-503 (1), he must surrender for cancellation or notation of partial deliveriesunder a document shall surrender possession or control of any outstanding negotiable document covering the goods, and the bailee must for cancellation or indication of partial deliveries; and
(2) the bailee shall
cancel the document or conspicuously noteindicate in the document the partial delivery thereon or beor the bailee is liable to any person to whomwhich the document is duly negotiated.
(4) "Person entitled under the document" means holder in the case of a negotiable document, or the person to whom delivery is to be made by the terms of or pursuant to written instructions under a nonnegotiable document.
§46-7-404. No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to receipt or bill document of title.
A bailee who that in good faith including observance of reasonable commercial standards has received goods and delivered or otherwise disposed of themthe goods according to the terms of thea document of title or pursuant to this article is not liable therefor. This rule appliesfor the goods even thoughif:
(1)
the person from whom hewhich the bailee received the goods had nodid not have authority to procure the document or to dispose of the goods and even though; or
(2)
the person to whom hewhich the bailee delivered the goods had nodid not have authority to receive themthe goods.
Part 5 Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Negotiation and Transfer

§46-7-501. Form of negotiation and requirements of "due negotiation".
(1a) AThe following rules apply to a negotiable tangible document of title running:
(1) If the document's original terms run
to the order of a named person, the document is negotiated by histhe named person's indorsement and delivery. After histhe named person's indorsement in blank or to bearer, any person canmay negotiate itthe document by delivery alone.
(2)(a) A negotiable If the document of title's original terms run to bearer, it is also negotiated by delivery alone when by its.
(3) If the document's
original terms it runs to bearer.
(b) When a document running
run to the order of a named person and it is delivered to himthe named person, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.
(34) Negotiation of a negotiablethe document of title after it has been indorsed to a specifiednamed person requires indorsement by the special indorsee as well as delivery.
(4) A negotiable document of title is "duly negotiated" when
named person and delivery.
(5) A document is duly negotiated if
it is negotiated in the manner stated in this sectionsubsection to a holder whothat purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves receiving the document in settlement or payment of a moneymonetary obligation.
(5b) The following rules apply to a negotiable electronic document of title:
(1) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person or to bearer, the document is negotiated by delivery of the document to another person. Indorsement by the named person is not required to negotiate the document.
(2) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person and the named person has control of the document, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.
(3) A document is duly negotiated if it is negotiated in the manner stated in this subsection to a holder that purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves taking delivery of the document in settlement or payment of a monetary obligation.
(c
) Indorsement of a nonnegotiable document of title neither makes it negotiable nor adds to the transferee's rights.
(6d) The naming in a negotiable bill of lading of a person to be notified of the arrival of the goods does not limit the negotiability of the bill noror constitute notice to a purchaser thereofof the bill of any interest of suchthat person in the goods.
§46-7-502. Rights acquired by due negotiation.
(1a) Subject to the following section and to the provisions of section 7-205 on fungible goodsSections 7-205 and 7-503, a holder to whomwhich a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated acquires thereby:
(a1) Ttitle to the document;
(b2) title to the goods;
(c3) all rights accruing under the law of agency or estoppel, including rights to goods delivered to the bailee after the document was issued; and
(d4) the direct obligation of the issuer to hold or deliver the goods according to the terms of the document free of any defense or claim by himthe issuer except those arising under the terms of the document or under this article. I, but in the case of a delivery order, the bailee's obligation accrues only upon the bailee's acceptance of the delivery order and the obligation acquired by the holder is that the issuer and any indorser will procure the acceptance of the bailee.
(2b) Subject to the following sSection 7-503, title and rights so acquired by due negotiation are not defeated by any stoppage of the goods represented by the document of title or by surrender of suchthe goods by the bailee, and are not impaired even thoughif:
(1)
the due negotiation or any prior due negotiation constituted a breach of duty or even though;
(2)
any person has been deprived of possession of thea negotiable tangible document or control of a negotiable electronic document by misrepresentation, fraud, accident, mistake, duress, loss, theft, or conversion,; or even though
(3)
a previous sale or other transfer of the goods or document has been made to a third person.
§46-7-503. Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases.
(1a) A document of title confers no right in goods against a person whothat before issuance of the document had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in themthe goods and who neitherthat did not:
(a1) delivered or entrusted them the goods or any document of title covering themthe goods to the bailor or histhe bailor's nominee with:
(A)
actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell or with;
(B)
power to obtain delivery under this article (sSection 7-403); or with
(C)
power of disposition under this chapter (sSections 2-403 and, 2A-304(2), 2A-305(2), 9-320, or 9-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; noror
(b2) acquiesced in the procurement by the bailor or hisits nominee of any document of title.
(2b) Title to goods based upon an unaccepted delivery order is subject to the rights of anyoneany person to whomwhich a negotiable warehouse receipt or bill of lading covering the goods has been duly negotiated. Such aThat title may be defeated under the next sSection 7-504 to the same extent as the rights of the issuer or a transferee from the issuer.
(3c) Title to goods based upon a bill of lading issued to a freight forwarder is subject to the rights of anyoneany person to whomwhich a bill issued by the freight forwarder is duly negotiated;. butHowever, delivery by the carrier in accordance with pPart 4 of this article pursuant to its own bill of lading discharges the carrier's obligation to deliver.
§46-7-504. Rights acquired in the absence of due negotiation; effect of diversion; seller's stoppage of delivery.
(1a) A transferee of a document of title, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, to whomwhich the document has been delivered but not duly negotiated, acquires the title and rights which histhat its transferor had or had actual authority to convey.
(2b) In the case of a transfer of a nonnegotiable document of title, until but not after the bailee receives notificationnotice of the transfer, the rights of the transferee may be defeated:
(a1) by those creditors of the transferor whowhich could treat the saletransfer as void under sSection 2-402; or 2A-308 ; (b2) by a buyer from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the buyer or received notification of his rights; or
(c
the buyer's rights;
(3) by a lessee from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the lessee or received notification of the lessee's rights; or
(4
) as against the bailee, by good -faith dealings of the bailee with the transferor.
(3c) A diversion or other change of shipping instructions by the consignor in a nonnegotiable bill of lading which causes the bailee not to deliver the goods to the consignee defeats the consignee's title to the goods if theythe goods have been delivered to a buyer in ordinary course of business or a lessee in ordinary course of business and, in any event, defeats the consignee's rights against the bailee.
(4d) Delivery of the goods pursuant to a nonnegotiable document of title may be stopped by a seller under sSection 2-705, and or a lessor under Section 2A-526, subject to the requirements of due notification in therose providedsections. A bailee honoringthat honors the seller's or lessor's instructions is entitled to be indemnified by the seller or lessor against any resulting loss or expense.
§46-7-505. Indorser not a guarantor for other parties.
The indorsement of a tangible document of title issued by a bailee does not make the indorser liable for any default by the bailee or by previous indorsers.
§46-7-506. Delivery without indorsement;: right to compel indorsement.
The transferee of a negotiable tangible document of title has a specifically enforceable right to have hisits transferor supply any necessary indorsement, but the transfer becomes a negotiation only as of the time the indorsement is supplied.
§46-7-507. Warranties on negotiation or transferdelivery of receiptdocument or billf title.
WhereIf a person negotiates or transfersdelivers a document of title for value, otherwise than as a mere intermediary under the next following sSection 7-508, then unless otherwise agreed he warrants to his immediate purchaser only, the transferor, in addition to any warranty made in selling or leasing the goods
(a), warrants to its immediate purchaser only that:

(1)
the document is genuine; and
(b2) that he has nothe transferor does not have knowledge of any fact whichthat would impair itsthe document's validity or worth; and
(c3) that histhe negotiation or transferdelivery is rightful and fully effective with respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.
§46-7-508. Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of title.
A collecting bank or other intermediary known to be entrusted with documents of title on behalf of another or with collection of a draft or other claim against delivery of documents warrants by suchthe delivery of the documents only its own good faith and authority. This rule applies even thoughif the collecting bank or other intermediary has purchased or made advances against the claim or draft to be collected.
§46-7-509. Receipt or bill: When aAdequate compliance with commercial contract.
The question wWhether a document of title is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a credit is governed by the articles on sales (article 2) and on letters of credit (article 5)is determined by Article 2, 2A, or 5.
Part 6 Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading: Miscellaneous Provisions

§46-7-601. Lost and missing, stolen, or destroyed documents of title.
(1a) If a document has beenof title is lost, stolen, or destroyed, a court may order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document and the bailee may without liability to any person comply with suchthe order. If the document was negotiable, a court may not order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document without the claimant must post's posting security approved by the court to indemnifyunless it finds that any person whothat may suffer loss as a result of nonsurrender of possession or control of the document is adequately protected against the loss. If the document was not nnegotiable, suchthe court may require security may be required at the discretion of the court. The court may also in its discretion order payment of the bailee's reasonable costs and counsel fees.
(2) A bailee who without court orderattorney's fees in any action under this subsection.
(b) A bailee that, without a court order,
delivers goods to a person claiming under a missing negotiable document of title is liable to any person injured thereby, and i. If the delivery is not in good faith becomes, the bailee is liable for conversion. Delivery in good faith is not conversion if made in accordance with a filed classification or tariff or, where no classification or tariff is filed, if the claimant posts security with the bailee in an amount at least double the value of the goods at the time of posting to indemnify any person injured by the delivery whowhich files a notice of claim within one year after the delivery.
§46-7-602. Attachment of Judicial process against goods covered by a negotiable document of title.
Except where theUnless a document of title was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person who had nothat did not have power to dispose of them, noa lien does not attaches by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document of title is outstanding unless possession or control of the document beis first surrendered to the bailee or itsthe document's negotiation is enjoined, and t. The bailee shallmay not be compelled to deliver the goods pursuant to process until possession or control of the document is surrendered to himthe bailee or impounded byto the court. One who purchasesA purchaser of the document for value without notice of the process or injunction takes free of the lien imposed by judicial process.
§46-7-603. Conflicting claims; interpleader.
If more than one person claims title to or possession of the goods, the bailee is excused from delivery until hethe bailee has had a reasonable time to ascertain the validity of the adverse claims or to bring an action to compel all claimants to interplead and may compel such interpleader,commence an action for interpleader. The bailee may assert an interpleader either in defending an action for nondelivery of the goods, or by original action, whichever is appropriate.
Part 7 Miscellaneous Provisions

§46-7-701. Applicability.
This article applies to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this article even if the document of title or bailment would be subject to this article if the document of title had been issued or bailment had arisen on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a right of action that has accrued before the effective date of this article.
§46-7-702. Savings clause.
A document of title issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this article and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that document or bailment are governed by any statute or other rule amended or repealed by this article as if amendment or repeal had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other rule.
ARTICLE 8. INVESTMENT SECURITIES.
§46-8-103. Rules for determining whether certain obligations and interests are securities or financial assets.
(a) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, business trust, joint stock company or similar entity is a security.
(b) An "investment company security" is a security. "Investment company security" means a share or similar equity interest issued by an entity that is registered as an investment company under the federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment trust that is so registered or a face-amount certificate issued by a face-amount certificate company that is so registered. Investment company security does not include an insurance policy or endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance company.
(c) An interest in a partnership or limited liability company is not a security unless it is dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, its terms expressly provide that it is a security governed by this article or it is an investment company security. However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
(d) A writing that is a security certificate is governed by this article and not by article three of this chapter, even though it also meets the requirements of that article. However, a negotiable instrument governed by article three is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.
(e) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearing corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset.
(f) A commodity contract, as defined in section 9-102(a)(15), is not a security or a financial asset.
(g) A document of title is not a financial asset unless section 8-102(a)(9)(iii) applies.
ARTICLE 9. SECURED TRANSACTIONS.
§46-9-102. Definitions and index of definitions.

(a) Article 9 definitions. In this article:
(1) "Accession" means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that the identity of the original goods is not lost.
(2) "Account", except as used in "account for", means a right to payment of a monetary obligation, whether or not earned by performance: (i) For property that has been or is to be sold, leased, licensed, assigned or otherwise disposed of; (ii) for services rendered or to be rendered; (iii) for a policy of insurance issued or to be issued; (iv) for a secondary obligation incurred or to be incurred; (v) for energy provided or to be provided; (vi) for the use or hire of a vessel under a charter or other contract; (vii) arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card; or (viii) as winnings in a lottery or other game of chance operated or sponsored by a state, governmental unit of a state or person licensed or authorized to operate the game by a state or governmental unit of a state. The term includes health-care-insurance receivables. The term does not include: (1) Rights to payment evidenced by chattel paper or an instrument; (ii) commercial tort claims; (iii) deposit accounts; (iv) investment property; (v) letter-of-credit rights or letters of credit; or (vi) rights to payment for money or funds advanced or sold, other than rights arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.
(3) "Account debtor" means a person obligated on an account, chattel paper or general intangible. The term does not include persons obligated to pay a negotiable instrument, even if the instrument constitutes part of chattel paper.
(4) "Accounting", except as used in "accounting for", means a record:
(A) Authenticated by a secured party;
(B) Indicating the aggregate unpaid secured obligations as of a date not more than thirty-five days earlier or thirty-five days later than the date of the record; and
(C) Identifying the components of the obligations in reasonable detail.
(5) "Agricultural lien" means an interest, other than a security interest, in farm products:
(A) Which secures payment or performance of an obligation for:
(i) Goods or services furnished in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
(ii) Rent on real property leased by a debtor in connection with its farming operation;
(B) Which is created by statute in favor of a person that:
(i) In the ordinary course of its business furnished goods or services to a debtor in connection with a debtor's farming operation; or
(ii) Leased real property to a debtor in connection with the debtor's farming operation; and
(C) Whose effectiveness does not depend on the person's possession of the personal property.
(6) "As-extracted collateral" means:
(A) Oil, gas or other minerals that are subject to a security interest that:
(i) Is created by a debtor having an interest in the minerals before extraction; and
(ii) Attaches to the minerals as extracted; or
(B) Accounts arising out of the sale at the wellhead or minehead of oil, gas or other minerals in which the debtor had an interest before extraction.
(7) "Authenticate" means:
(A) To sign; or
(B) To execute or otherwise adopt a symbol, or encrypt or similarly process a record, in whole or in part, with the present intent of the authenticating person to identify the person and adopt or accept a record.
(8) "Bank" means an organization that is engaged in the business of banking. The term includes savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions and trust companies.
(9) "Cash proceeds" means proceeds that are money, checks, deposit accounts or the like.
(10) "Certificate of title" means a certificate of title with respect to which a statute provides for the security interest in question to be indicated on the certificate as a condition or result of the security interest's obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral.
(11) "Chattel paper" means a record or records that evidence both a monetary obligation and a security interest in specific goods, a security interest in specific goods and software used in the goods, a security interest in specific goods and license of software used in the goods, a lease of specific goods or a lease of specific goods and license of software used in the goods. In this paragraph, "monetary obligation" means a monetary obligation secured by the goods or owed under a lease of the goods and includes a monetary obligation with respect to software used in the goods. The term does not include: (i) Charters or other contracts involving the use or hire of a vessel; or (ii) records that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card. If a transaction is evidenced by records that include an instrument or series of instruments, the group of records taken together constitutes chattel paper.
(12) "Collateral" means the property subject to a security interest or agricultural lien. The term includes:
(A) Proceeds to which a security interest attaches;
(B) Accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles and promissory notes that have been sold; and
(C) Goods that are the subject of a consignment.
(13) "Commercial tort claim" means a claim arising in tort with respect to which:
(A) The claimant is an organization; or
(B) The claimant is an individual and the claim:
(i) Arose in the course of the claimant's business or profession; and
(ii) Does not include damages arising out of personal injury to or the death of an individual.
(14) "Commodity account" means an account maintained by a commodity intermediary in which a commodity contract is carried for a commodity customer.
(15) "Commodity contract" means a commodity futures contract, an option on a commodity futures contract, a commodity option or another contract if the contract or option is:
(A) Traded on or subject to the rules of a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market for such a contract pursuant to federal commodities laws; or
(B) Traded on a foreign commodity board of trade, exchange or market and is carried on the books of a commodity intermediary for a commodity customer.
(16) "Commodity customer" means a person for which a commodity intermediary carries a commodity contract on its books.
(17) "Commodity intermediary" means a person that:
(A) Is registered as a futures commission merchant under federal commodities law; or
(B) In the ordinary course of its business provides clearance or settlement services for a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market pursuant to federal commodities law.
(18) "Communicate" means:
(A) To send a written or other tangible record;
(B) To transmit a record by any means agreed upon by the persons sending and receiving the record; or
(C) In the case of transmission of a record to or by a filing office, to transmit a record by any means prescribed by filing-office rule.
(19) "Consignee" means a merchant to which goods are delivered in a consignment.
(20) "Consignment" means a transaction, regardless of its form, in which a person delivers goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale and:
(A) The merchant:
(i) Deals in goods of that kind under a name other than the name of the person making delivery;
(ii) Is not an auctioneer; and
(iii) Is not generally known by its creditors to be substantially engaged in selling the goods of others;
(B) With respect to each delivery, the aggregate value of the goods is one thousand dollars or more at the time of delivery;
(C) The goods are not consumer goods immediately before delivery; and
(D) The transaction does not create a security interest that secures an obligation.
(21) "Consignor" means a person that delivers goods to a consignee in a consignment.
(22) "Consumer debtor" means a debtor in a consumer transaction.
(23) "Consumer goods" means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes.
(24) "Consumer-goods transaction" means a consumer transaction in which:
(A) An individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family or household purposes; and
(B) A security interest in consumer goods secures the obligation.
(25) "Consumer obligor" means an obligor who is an individual and who incurred the obligation as part of a transaction entered into primarily for personal, family or household purposes.
(26) "Consumer transaction" means a transaction in which: (i) An individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family or household purposes; (ii) a security interest secures the obligation; and (iii) the collateral is held or acquired primarily for personal, family or household purposes. The term includes consumer-goods transactions.
(27) "Continuation statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
(A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
(B) Indicates that it is a continuation statement for, or that it is filed to continue the effectiveness of, the identified financing statement.
(28) "Debtor" means:
(A) A person having an interest, other than a security interest or other lien, in the collateral, whether or not the person is an obligor;
(B) A seller of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles or promissory notes; or
(C) A consignee.
(29) "Deposit account" means a demand, time, savings, passbook or similar account maintained with a bank. The term does not include investment property or accounts evidenced by an instrument.
(30) "Document" means a document of title or a receipt of the type described in section 7-201(2)7-201(b).
(31) "Electronic chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information stored in an electronic medium.
(32) "Encumbrance" means a right, other than an ownership interest, in real property. The term includes mortgages and other liens on real property.
(33) "Equipment" means goods other than inventory, farm products or consumer goods.
(34) "Farm products" means goods, other than standing timber, with respect to which the debtor is engaged in a farming operation and which are:
(A) Crops grown, growing or to be grown, including:
(i) Crops produced on trees, vines and bushes; and
(ii) Aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
(B) Livestock, born or unborn, including aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
(C) Supplies used or produced in a farming operation; or
(D) Products of crops or livestock in their unmanufactured states.
(35) "Farming operation" means raising, cultivating, propagating, fattening, grazing or any other farming, livestock or aquacultural operation.
(36) "File number" means the number assigned to an initial financing statement pursuant to section 9-519(a).
(37) "Filing office" means an office designated in section 9-501 as the place to file a financing statement.
(38) "Filing-office rule" means a rule adopted pursuant to section 9-526.
(39) "Financing statement" means a record or records composed of an initial financing statement and any filed record relating to the initial financing statement.
(40) "Fixture filing" means the filing of a financing statement covering goods that are or are to become fixtures and satisfying section 9-502(a) and (b). The term includes the filing of a financing statement covering goods of a transmitting utility which are or are to become fixtures.
(41) "Fixtures" means goods that have become so related to particular real property that an interest in them arises under real property law.
(42) "General intangible" means any personal property, including things in action, other than accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, goods, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money and oil, gas or other minerals before extraction. The term includes payment intangibles and software.
(43) "Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(44) "Goods" means all things that are movable when a security interest attaches. The term includes: (i) Fixtures; (ii) standing timber that is to be cut and removed under a conveyance or contract for sale; (iii) the unborn young of animals; (iv) crops grown, growing or to be grown, even if the crops are produced on trees, vines or bushes; and (v) manufactured homes. The term also includes a computer program embedded in goods and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program if: (i) The program is associated with the goods in such a manner that it customarily is considered part of the goods; or (ii) by becoming the owner of the goods, a person acquires a right to use the program in connection with the goods. The term does not include a computer program embedded in goods that consist solely of the medium in which the program is embedded. The term also does not include accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, general intangibles, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money or oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction.
(45) "Governmental unit" means a subdivision, agency, department, county, parish, municipality or other unit of the government of the United States, a state or a foreign country. The term includes an organization having a separate corporate existence if the organization is eligible to issue debt on which interest is exempt from income taxation under the laws of the United States.
(46) "Health-care-insurance receivable" means an interest in or claim under a policy of insurance which is a right to payment of a monetary obligation for health-care goods or services provided.
(47) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument or any other writing that evidences a right to the payment of a monetary obligation, is not itself a security agreement or lease, and is of a type that in ordinary course of business is transferred by delivery with any necessary indorsement or assignment. The term does not include: (i) Investment property; (ii) letters of credit; or (iii) writings that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.
(48) "Inventory" means goods, other than farm products, which:
(A) Are leased by a person as lessor;
(B) Are held by a person for sale or lease or to be furnished under a contract of service;
(C) Are furnished by a person under a contract of service; or
(D) Consist of raw materials, work in process or materials used or consumed in a business.
(49) "Investment property" means a security, whether certificated or uncertificated, security entitlement, securities account, commodity contract or commodity account.
(50) "Jurisdiction of organization", with respect to a registered organization, means the jurisdiction under whose law the organization is organized.
(51) "Letter-of-credit right" means a right to payment or performance under a letter of credit, whether or not the beneficiary has demanded or is at the time entitled to demand payment or performance. The term does not include the right of a beneficiary to demand payment or performance under a letter of credit.
(52) "Lien creditor" means:
(A) A creditor that has acquired a lien on the property involved by attachment, levy or the like;
(B) An assignee for benefit of creditors from the time of assignment;
(C) A trustee in bankruptcy from the date of the filing of the petition; or
(D) A receiver in equity from the time of appointment.
(53) "Manufactured home" means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which, in the traveling mode, is eight body feet or more in width or forty body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site, is three hundred twenty or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning and electrical systems contained therein. The term includes any structure that meets all of the requirements of this paragraph except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification required by the United States secretary of housing and urban development and complies with the standards established under Title 42 of the United States Code.
(54) "Manufactured-home transaction" means a secured transaction:
(A) That creates a purchase-money security interest in a manufactured home, other than a manufactured home held as inventory; or
(B) In which a manufactured home, other than a manufactured home held as inventory, is the primary collateral.
(55) "Mortgage" means a consensual interest in real property, including fixtures, which secures payment or performance of an obligation.
(56) "New debtor" means a person that becomes bound as debtor under section 9-203(d) by a security agreement previously entered into by another person.
(57) "New value" means: (i) Money; (ii) money's worth in property, services or new credit; or (iii) release by a transferee of an interest in property previously transferred to the transferee. The term does not include an obligation substituted for another obligation.
(58) "Noncash proceeds" means proceeds other than cash proceeds.
(59) "Obligor" means a person that, with respect to an obligation secured by a security interest in or an agricultural lien on the collateral: (i) Owes payment or other performance of the obligation; (ii) has provided property other than the collateral to secure payment or other performance of the obligation; or (iii) is otherwise accountable, in whole or in part, for payment or other performance of the obligation. The term does not include issuers or nominated persons under a letter of credit.
(60) "Original debtor" except as used in section 9-310(c), means a person that, as debtor, entered into a security agreement to which a new debtor has become bound under section 9-203(d).
(61) "Payment intangible" means a general intangible under which the account debtor's principal obligation is a monetary obligation.
(62) "Person related to", with respect to an individual, means:
(A) The spouse of the individual;
(B) A brother, brother-in-law, sister or sister-in-law of the individual;
(C) An ancestor or lineal descendant of the individual or the individual's spouse; or
(D) Any other relative, by blood or marriage, of the individual or the individual's spouse who shares the same home with the individual.
(63) "Person related to", with respect to an organization, means:
(A) A person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with the organization;
(B) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, the organization;
(C) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, a person described in subparagraph (A);
(D) The spouse of an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B) or (C); or
(E) An individual who is related by blood or marriage to an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C) or (D) and shares the same home with the individual.
(64) "Proceeds", except as used in section 9-609(b), means the following property:
(A) Whatever is acquired upon the sale, lease, license, exchange or other disposition of collateral;
(B) Whatever is collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral;
(C) Rights arising out of collateral;
(D) To the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral; or
(E) To the extent of the value of collateral and to the extent payable to the debtor or the secured party, insurance payable by reason of the loss or nonconformity of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral.
(65) "Production-money crops" means crops that secure a production-money obligation incurred with respect to the production of those crops.
(66) "Production-money obligation" means an obligation of an obligor incurred for new value given to enable the debtor to produce crops if the value is in fact used for the production of the crops.
(67) "Production of crops" includes tilling and otherwise preparing land for growing, planting, cultivating, fertilizing, irrigating, harvesting and gathering crops and protecting them from damage or disease.
(68) "Promissory note" means an instrument that evidences a promise to pay a monetary obligation, does not evidence an order to pay, and does not contain an acknowledgment by a bank that the bank has received for deposit a sum of money or funds.
(69) "Proposal" means a record authenticated by a secured party which includes the terms on which the secured party is willing to accept collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures pursuant to sections 9-620, 9-621 and 9-622.
(70) "Public-finance transaction" means a secured transaction in connection with which:
(A) Debt securities are issued;
(B) All or a portion of the securities issued have an initial stated maturity of at least twenty years; and
(C) The debtor, obligor, secured party, account debtor or other person obligated on collateral, assignor or assignee of a secured obligation, or assignor or assignee of a security interest is a state or a governmental unit of a state.
(71) "Pursuant to commitment", with respect to an advance made or other value given by a secured party, means pursuant to the secured party's obligation, whether or not a subsequent event of default or other event not within the secured party's control has relieved or may relieve the secured party from its obligation.
(72) "Record", except as used in "for record", "of record", "record or legal title" and "record owner", means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or which is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(73) "Registered organization" means an organization organized solely under the law of a single state or the United States and as to which the state or the United States must maintain a public record showing the organization to have been organized.
(74) "Secondary obligor" means an obligor to the extent that:
(A) The obligor's obligation is secondary; or
(B) The obligor has a right of recourse with respect to an obligation secured by collateral against the debtor, another obligor or property of either.
(75) "Secured party" means:
(A) A person in whose favor a security interest is created or provided for under a security agreement, whether or not any obligation to be secured is outstanding;
(B) A person that holds an agricultural lien;
(C) A consignor;
(D) A person to which accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles or promissory notes have been sold;
(E) A trustee, indenture trustee, agent, collateral agent or other representative in whose favor a security interest or agricultural lien is created or provided for; or
(F) A person that holds a security interest arising under section 2-401, 2-505, 2-711(3), 2A-508(5), 4-210 or 5-118.
(76) "Security agreement" means an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest.
(77) "Send", in connection with a record or notification, means:
(A) To deposit in the mail, deliver for transmission, or transmit by any other usual means of communication, with postage or cost of transmission provided for, addressed to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
(B) To cause the record or notification to be received within the time that it would have been received if properly sent under paragraph (A).
(78) "Software" means a computer program and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program. The term does not include a computer program that is included in the definition of goods.
(79) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(80) "Supporting obligation" means a letter-of-credit right or secondary obligation that supports the payment or performance of an account, chattel paper, a document, a general intangible, an instrument or investment property.
(81) "Tangible chattel paper" means chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
(82) "Termination statement" means an amendment of a financing statement which:
(A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
(B) Indicates either that it is a termination statement or that the identified financing statement is no longer effective.
(83) "Transmitting utility" means a person primarily engaged in the business of:
(A) Operating a railroad, subway, street railway or trolley bus;
(B) Transmitting communications electrically, electromagnetically or by light;
(C) Transmitting goods by pipeline or sewer; or
(D) Transmitting or producing and transmitting electricity, steam, gas, or water.
(b) Definitions in other articles. "Control" as provided in section 7-106 and tThe following definitions in other articles apply to this article:
"Applicant"
Section 5-102.

"Beneficiary"Section 5-102.
"Broker"
Section 8-102.

"Certificated security"Section 8-102.
"Check"
Section 3-104.

"Clearing corporation"Section 8-102.
"Contract for sale"Section 2-106.
"Customer"
Section 4-104.

"Entitlement holder"Section 8-102.
"Financial asset"Section 8-102.
"Holder in due course"Section 3-302.
"Issuer" (with respect to a letterSection 5-102.
of credit or letter-of-credit right)
"Issuer" (with respect to a security)Section 8-201.
"Issuer" (with respect to documents Section 7-102.
of title)
"Lease"
Section 2A-103.

"Lease agreement"Section 2A-103.
"Lease contract"Section 2A-103.
"Leasehold interest"Section 2A-103.
"Lessee"Section 2A-103.
"Lessee in ordinary course of business"Section 2A-103.
"Lessor"Section 2A-103.
"Lessor's residual interest"Section 2A-103.
"Letter of credit"Section 5-102.
"Merchant"Section 2-104.
"Negotiable instrument"Section 3-104.
"Nominated person"Section 5-102.
"Note"
Section 3-104.

"Proceeds of a letter of credit"Section 5-114.
"Prove"
Section 3-103.

"Sale"
Section 2-106.

"Securities account"Section 8-501.
"Securities intermediary"Section 8-102.
"Security"
Section 8-102.

"Security certificate"Section 8-102.
"Security entitlement"Section 8-102.
"Uncertificated security"Section 8-102.
(c) Article 1 definitions and principles. Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
§46-9-203. Attachment and enforceability of security interest; proceeds; supporting obligations; formal requisites.
(a) Attachment. A security interest attaches to collateral when it becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral, unless an agreement expressly postpones the time of attachment.
(b) Enforceability. Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c) through (i), inclusive, of this section, a security interest is enforceable against the debtor and third parties with respect to the collateral only if:
(1) Value has been given;
(2) The debtor has rights in the collateral or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to a secured party; and
(3) One of the following conditions is met:
(A) The debtor has authenticated a security agreement that provides a description of the collateral and, if the security interest covers timber to be cut, a description of the land concerned;
(B) The collateral is not a certificated security and is in the possession of the secured party under section 9-313 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement;
(C) The collateral is a certificated security in registered form and the security certificate has been delivered to the secured party under section 8-301 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement; or
(D) The collateral is deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, investment property or letter-of-credit rights, or electronic documents, and the secured party has control under section 7-106, 9-104, 9-105, 9-106 or 9-107 pursuant to the debtor's security agreement.
(c) Other UCC provisions. Subsection (b) of this section is subject to section 4-210 on the security interest of a collecting bank, section 5-118 on the security interest of a letter-of-credit issuer or nominated person, section 9-110 on a security interest arising under article two or two-a of this chapter and section 9-206 on security interests in investment property.
(d) When person becomes bound by another person's security. A person becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person if, by operation of law other than this article or by contract:
(1) The security agreement becomes effective to create a security interest in the person's property; or
(2) The person becomes generally obligated for the obligations of the other person, including the obligation secured under the security agreement, and acquires or succeeds to all or substantially all of the assets of the other person.
(e) Effect of new debtor becoming bound. If a new debtor becomes bound as debtor by a security agreement entered into by another person:
(1) The agreement satisfies subsection (b)(3) of this section with respect to existing or after-acquired property of the new debtor to the extent the property is described in the agreement; and
(2) Another agreement is not necessary to make a security interest in the property enforceable.
(f) Proceeds and supporting obligations. The attachment of a security interest in collateral gives the secured party the rights to proceeds provided by section 9-315 and is also attachment of a security interest in a supporting obligation for the collateral.
(g) Lien securing right to payment. The attachment of a security interest in a right to payment or performance secured by a security interest or other lien on personal or real property is also attachment of a security interest in the security interest, mortgage or other lien.
(h) Security entitlement carried in securities account. The attachment of a security interest in a securities account is also attachment of a security interest in the security entitlements carried in the securities account.
(i) Commodity contracts carried in commodity account. The attachment of a security interest in a commodity account is also attachment of a security interest in the commodity contracts carried in the commodity account.
§46-9-207. Rights and duties of secured party having possession or control of collateral.
(a) Duty of care when secured party in possession. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a secured party shall use reasonable care in the custody and preservation of collateral in the secured party's possession. In the case of chattel paper or an instrument, reasonable care includes taking necessary steps to preserve rights against prior parties unless otherwise agreed.
(b) Expenses, risks, duties and rights when secured party in possession . Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), if a secured party has possession of collateral:
(1) Reasonable expenses, including the cost of insurance and payment of taxes or other charges, incurred in the custody, preservation, use or operation of the collateral are chargeable to the debtor and are secured by the collateral;
(2) The risk of accidental loss or damage is on the debtor to the extent of a deficiency in any effective insurance coverage;
(3) The secured party shall keep the collateral identifiable, but fungible collateral may be commingled; and
(4) The secured party may use or operate the collateral:
(A) For the purpose of preserving the collateral or its value;
(B) As permitted by an order of a court having competent jurisdiction; or
(C) Except in the case of consumer goods, in the manner and to the extent agreed by the debtor.
(c) Duties and rights when secured party in possession or control. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, a secured party having possession of collateral or control of collateral under section 7-106, 9-104, 9-105, 9-106 or 9-107:
(1) May hold as additional security any proceeds, except money or funds, received from the collateral;
(2) Shall apply money or funds received from the collateral to reduce the secured obligation, unless remitted to the debtor; and
(3) May create a security interest in the collateral.
(d) Buyer of certain rights to payment. If the secured party is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes or a consignor:
(1) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply unless the secured party is entitled under an agreement:
(A) To charge back uncollected collateral; or
(B) Otherwise to full or limited recourse against the debtor or a secondary obligor based on the nonpayment or other default of an account debtor or other obligor on the collateral; and
(2) Subsections (b) and (c) of this section do not apply.
§46-9-208. Additional duties of secured party having control of collateral.
(a) Applicability of section. This section applies to cases in which there is no outstanding secured obligation and the secured party is not committed to make advances, incur obligations, or otherwise give value.
(b) Duties of secured party after receiving demand from debtor. Within ten days after receiving an authenticated demand by the debtor:
(1) A secured party having control of a deposit account under section 9-104(a)(2) shall send to the bank with which the deposit account is maintained an authenticated statement that releases the bank from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party;
(2) A secured party having control of a deposit account under section 9-104(a)(3) shall:
(A) Pay the debtor the balance on deposit in the deposit account; or
(B) Transfer the balance on deposit into a deposit account in the debtor's name;
(3) A secured party, other than a buyer, having control of electronic chattel paper under section 9-105 shall:
(A) Communicate the authoritative copy of the electronic chattel paper to the debtor or its designated custodian;
(B) If the debtor designates a custodian that is the designated custodian with which the authoritative copy of the electronic chattel paper is maintained for the secured party, communicate to the custodian an authenticated record releasing the designated custodian from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party and instructing the custodian to comply with instructions originated by the debtor; and
(C) Take appropriate action to enable the debtor or its designated custodian to make copies of or revisions to the authoritative copy which add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy without the consent of the secured party;
(4) A secured party having control of investment property under section 8-106(d)(2) or 9-106(b) shall send to the securities intermediary or commodity intermediary with which the security entitlement or commodity contract is maintained an authenticated record that releases the securities intermediary or commodity intermediary from any further obligation to comply with entitlement orders or directions originated by the secured party; and
(5) A secured party having control of a letter-of-credit right under section 9-107 shall send to each person having an unfulfilled obligation to pay or deliver proceeds of the letter of credit to the secured party an authenticated release from any further obligation to pay or deliver proceeds of the letter of credit to the secured party; and
(6) A secured party having control of an electronic document shall:
(A) give control of the electronic document to the debtor or its designated custodian;
(B) if the debtor designates a custodian that is the designated custodian with which the authoritative copy of the electronic document is maintained for the secured party, communicate to the custodian an authenticated record releasing the designated custodian from any further obligation to comply with instructions originated by the secured party and instructing the custodian to comply with instructions originated by the debtor; and
(C) take appropriate action to enable the debtor or its designated custodian to make copies of or revisions to the authoritative copy which add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy without the consent of the secured party
.
§46-9-301. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests.
Except as otherwise provided in sections 9-303 through 9-306, the following rules determine the law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of a security interest in collateral:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, while a debtor is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in collateral.
(2) While collateral is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a possessory security interest in that collateral.
(3) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (4) of this section, while tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money or tangible chattel paper is located in a jurisdiction, the local law of that jurisdiction governs:
(A) Perfection of a security interest in the goods by filing a fixture filing;
(B) Perfection of a security interest in timber to be cut; and
(C) The effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of a nonpossessory security interest in the collateral.
(4) The local law of the jurisdiction in which the wellhead or minehead is located governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in as-extracted collateral.
§46-9-310. When filing required to perfect security interest or agricultural lien; security interests and agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not apply.
(a) General rule: perfection by filing. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section and section 9-312(b), a financing statement must be filed to perfect all security interests and agricultural liens.
(b) Exceptions: filing not necessary. The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to perfect a security interest:
(1) That is perfected under section 9-308(d), (e), (f) or (g);
(2) That is perfected under section 9-309 when it attaches;
(3) In property subject to a statute, regulation or treaty described in section 9-311(a);
(4) In goods in possession of a bailee which is perfected under section 9-312(d)(1) or (2);
(5) In certificated securities, documents, goods or instruments which is perfected without filing, control, or possession under section 9-312(e), (f) or (g);
(6) In collateral in the secured party's possession under section 9-313;
(7) In a certificated security which is perfected by delivery of the security certificate to the secured party under section 9-313;
(8) In deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, investment property or letter-of-credit rights which is perfected by control under section 9-314;
(9) In proceeds which is perfected under section 9-315; or
(10) That is perfected under section 9-316.
(c) Assignment of perfected security interest. If a secured party assigns a perfected security interest or agricultural lien, a filing under this article is not required to continue the perfected status of the security interest against creditors of and transferees from the original debtor.
§46-9-312. Perfection of security interests in chattel paper, deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by documents, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights and money; perfection by permissive filing; temporary perfection without filing or transfer of possession.
(a) Perfection by filing permitted. A security interest in chattel paper, negotiable documents, instruments or investment property may be perfected by filing.
(b) Control or possession of certain collateral. Except as otherwise provided in section 9-315(c) and (d) for proceeds:
(1) A security interest in a deposit account may be perfected only by control under section 9-314; and
(2) Except as otherwise provided in section 9-308(d), a security interest in a letter-of-credit right may be perfected only by control under section 9-314; and
(3) A security interest in money may be perfected only by the secured party's taking possession under section 9-313.
(c) Goods covered by negotiable document. While goods are in the possession of a bailee that has issued a negotiable document covering the goods:
(1) A security interest in the goods may be perfected by perfecting a security interest in the document; and
(2) A security interest perfected in the document has priority over any security interest that becomes perfected in the goods by another method during that time.
(d) Goods covered by nonnegotiable document. While goods are in the possession of a bailee that has issued a nonnegotiable document covering the goods, a security interest in the goods may be perfected by:
(1) Issuance of a document in the name of the secured party;
(2) The bailee's receipt of notification of the secured party's interest; or
(3) Filing as to the goods.
(e) Temporary perfection: new value. A security interest in certificated securities, negotiable documents or instruments is perfected without filing or the taking of possession or control for a period of twenty days from the time it attaches to the extent that it arises for new value given under an authenticated security agreement.
(f) Temporary perfection: goods or documents made available to debtor. A perfected security interest in a negotiable document or goods in possession of a bailee, other than one that has issued a negotiable document for the goods, remains perfected for twenty days without filing if the secured party makes available to the debtor the goods or documents representing the goods for the purpose of:
(1) Ultimate sale or exchange; or
(2) Loading, unloading, storing, shipping, transshipping, manufacturing, processing or otherwise dealing with them in a manner preliminary to their sale or exchange.
(g) Temporary perfection: delivery of security certificate or instrument to debtor. A perfected security interest in a certificated security or instrument remains perfected for twenty days without filing if the secured party delivers the security certificate or instrument to the debtor for the purpose of:
(1) Ultimate sale or exchange; or
(2) Presentation, collection, enforcement, renewal or registration of transfer.
(h) Expiration of temporary perfection. After the twenty-day period specified in subsection (e), (f) or (g) of this section expires, perfection depends upon compliance with this article.
§46-9-313. When possession by or delivery to secured party perfects security interest without filing.
(a) Perfection by possession or delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, a secured party may perfect a security interest in tangible negotiable documents, goods, instruments, money or tangible chattel paper by taking possession of the collateral. A secured party may perfect a security interest in certificated securities by taking delivery of the certificated securities under section 8-301.
(b) Goods covered by certificate of title. With respect to goods covered by a certificate of title issued by this state, a secured party may perfect a security interest in the goods by taking possession of the goods only in the circumstances described in section 9-316(d).
(c) Collateral in possession of person other than debtor. With respect to collateral other than certificated securities and goods covered by a document, a secured party takes possession of collateral in the possession of a person other than the debtor, the secured party or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business, when:
(1) The person in possession authenticates a record acknowledging that it holds possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
(2) The person takes possession of the collateral after having authenticated a record acknowledging that it will hold possession of collateral for the secured party's benefit.
(d) Time of perfection by possession; continuation of perfection. If perfection of a security interest depends upon possession of the collateral by a secured party, perfection occurs no earlier than the time the secured party takes possession and continues only while the secured party retains possession.
(e) Time of perfection by delivery; continuation of perfection. A security interest in a certificated security in registered form is perfected by delivery when delivery of the certificated security occurs under section 8-301 and remains perfected by delivery until the debtor obtains possession of the security certificate.
(f) Acknowledgment not required. A person in possession of collateral is not required to acknowledge that it holds possession for a secured party's benefit.
(g) Effectiveness of acknowledgment; no duties or confirmation. If a person acknowledges that it holds possession for the secured party's benefit:
(1) The acknowledgment is effective under subsection (c) of this section or section 8-301(a), even if the acknowledgment violates the rights of a debtor; and
(2) Unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this article otherwise provides, the person does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the acknowledgment to another person.
(h) Secured party's delivery to person other than debtor. A secured party having possession of collateral does not relinquish possession by delivering the collateral to a person other than the debtor or a lessee of the collateral from the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business if the person was instructed before the delivery or is instructed contemporaneously with the delivery:
(1) Effect of delivery under subsection (h); no duties or confirmation . To hold possession of the collateral for the secured party's benefit; or
(2) To redeliver the collateral to the secured party.
(i) A secured party does not relinquish possession, even if a delivery under subsection (h) of this section violates the rights of a debtor. A person to which collateral is delivered under subsection (h) of this section does not owe any duty to the secured party and is not required to confirm the delivery to another person unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this article otherwise provides.
§46-9-314. Perfection by control.
(a) Perfection by control. A security interest in investment property, deposit accounts, letter-of-credit rights, or electronic chattel paper, or electronic documents may be perfected by control of the collateral under section 7-106, 9-104, 9-105, 9-106 or 9-107.
(b) Specified collateral: time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper, or letter-of-credit rights, or electronic documents is perfected by control under section 7-106, 9-104, 9-105 or 9-107 when the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party retains control.
(c) Investment property: time of perfection by control; continuation of perfection. A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under section 9-106 from the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control until:
(1) The secured party does not have control; and
(2) One of the following occurs:
(A) If the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession of the security certificate;
(B) If the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; or
(C) If the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder.
§46-9-317. Interests that take priority over or take free of security interest or agricultural lien.
(a) Conflicting security interests and rights of lien creditors. A security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to the rights of:
(1) A person entitled to priority under section 9-322; and
(2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a person that becomes a lien creditor before the earlier of the time: (A) The security interest or agricultural lien is perfected; or (B) one of the conditions specified in section 9-203(b)(3) is met and a financing statement covering the collateral is filed.
(b) Buyers that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a buyer, other than a secured party, of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments or a security certificate takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the buyer gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
(c) Lessees that receive delivery. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a lessee of goods takes free of a security interest or agricultural lien if the lessee gives value and receives delivery of the collateral without knowledge of the security interest or agricultural lien and before it is perfected.
(d) Licensees and buyers of certain collateral. A licensee of a general intangible or a buyer, other than a secured party, of accounts, electronic chattel paper, electronic documents, general intangibles or investment property other than a certificated security takes free of a security interest if the licensee or buyer gives value without knowledge of the security interest and before it is perfected.
(e) Purchase-money security interest. Except as otherwise provided in sections 9-320 and 9-321, if a person files a financing statement with respect to a purchase-money security interest before or within twenty days after the debtor receives delivery of the collateral, the security interest takes priority over the rights of a buyer, lessee or lien creditor which arise between the time the security interest attaches and the time of filing.
§46-9-338. Priority of security interest or agricultural lien perfected by filed financing statement providing certain incorrect information.
If a security interest or agricultural lien is perfected by a filed financing statement providing information described in section 9-516(b)(5) which is incorrect at the time the financing statement is filed:
(1) The security interest or agricultural lien is subordinate to a conflicting perfected security interest in the collateral to the extent that the holder of the conflicting security interest gives value in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information; and
(2) A purchaser, other than a secured party, of the collateral takes free of the security interest or agricultural lien to the extent that, in reasonable reliance upon the incorrect information, the purchaser gives value and, in the case of tangible chattel paper, tangible documents, goods, instruments, or a security certificate, receives delivery of the collateral.
§46-9-601. Rights after default; judicial enforcement; consignor or buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles or promissory notes.
(a) Rights of secured party after default. After default, a secured party has the rights provided in this part and, except as otherwise provided in section 9-602, those provided by agreement of the parties. A secured party:
(1) May reduce a claim to judgment, foreclose or otherwise enforce the claim, security interest or agricultural lien by any available judicial procedure; and
(2) If the collateral is documents, may proceed either as to the documents or as to the goods they cover.
(b) Rights and duties of secured party in possession or control. A secured party in possession of collateral or control of collateral under section 7-106, 9-104, 9-105, 9-106 or 9-107 has the rights and duties provided in section 9-207.
(c) Rights cumulative; simultaneous exercise. The rights under subsections (a) and (b) of this section are cumulative and may be exercised simultaneously.
(d) Rights of debtor and obligor. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) of this section and section 9-605, after default, a debtor and an obligor have the rights provided in this part and by agreement of the parties.
(e) Lien of levy after judgment. If a secured party has reduced its claim to judgment, the lien of any levy that may be made upon the collateral by virtue of an execution based upon the judgment relates back to the earliest of:
(1) The date of perfection of the security interest or agricultural lien in the collateral;
(2) The date of filing a financing statement covering the collateral; or
(3) Any date specified in a statute under which the agricultural lien was created.
(f) Execution sale. A sale pursuant to an execution is a foreclosure of the security interest or agricultural lien by judicial procedure within the meaning of this section. A secured party may purchase at the sale and thereafter hold the collateral free of any other requirements of this article.
(g) Consignor or buyer of certain rights to payment. Except as otherwise provided in section 9-607(c), this part imposes no duties upon a secured party that is a consignor or is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles or promissory notes.

NOTE: This bill makes a number of changes to Article 7 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) on warehouse receipts, bills of lading, and other documents of title. It allows electronic documents of title and generally applies the same rules to them as to tangible documents, but adds provisions on control of an electronic document as the equivalent to possession and endorsement of a tangible document of title. The bill also sets rules to allow an electronic or paper document of title to be issued as a substitute for the other. The bill also makes several technical changes throughout.

This bill has been recommended for passage this session by the Joint Committee on Interstate Cooperation.


Strike-throughs indicate language that would be stricken from the present law, and underscoring indicates new language that would be added.
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